1. ------------- Image1 ------------- Field Data Accession number 30891 Record number 30891-1 JCB call number Codex Ind 42 /3-SIZE Image title [Boban Aztec Calendar Wheel] Place image published [Tezcuco?] Image date [ca. 1530] Image function calendar Technique manuscript Image dimension height 35 cm. Image dimension width 38.1 cm. Page dimension height 35 cm. Page dimension width 38.1 cm. Materials medium ink, colors Materials support amatl or maguey fiber Languages Nahuatl Description Symbolic representation of the months and day of the Aztec year with explanatory text in Nahuatl language transcribed into European script. At top left of the interior circle is a depiction of Hernando decor [Hernán Cortés?] wearing a black Spanish hat seated on a blue circle [the Lake of Mexico?]. At top right is Don Antonio Pimentel [son of Ixtlilxochitl, an ally of Cortes, and last native king of Texcoco] seated on a representation of a mountain [the Sierras of Acolhuan]. In the middle is an image of Nezahualcoyotl [the king of Acolhuan], and Itzcoatl [his ally, the Aztec emperor] who were allies in the mid-fifteenth century. Each is enthroned with his symbol in front of him. At bottom, are depictions of ancient Chichimecas, founders of the Texcoco empire, or native Americans, who sit before a sacrificial fire which rises to the sun (see facsimile, 30891-2). notes The Boban Calendar, named after Eugène Boban, a French archeologist and collector, was brought to general attention in 1866 when Colonel Doutrelaine published a reproduction and explanation of the calendar in Archives de la commission scientifique de Mexique, Paris, 1866- 1867, vol. 3, p. 120-133. Because of deterioration, the reproduction made in 1866 shows much greater detail than the original. The names of the months are written in Nahuatl (but with Castilian characters); the months are given different symbols than are usually present on other Aztec calendars. Time Period 1492-1600 References Archives de la commission scientifique de Mexique, Paris, 1866-1867, vol. 3, p. 120-133; Robertson, D. Mexican manuscript painting, p. 146-149, fig. 51 Provenance/Donor Acquired in 1950. Owner and copyright ©John Carter Brown Library, Box 1894, Brown University, Providence, R.I. 02912 Commentary Add a comment geographic area Spanish America Subject Area Artifacts, industry, and human activities Subject Area Indigenous peoples Subject headings Aztec calendar

2. ------------- Image1 ------------- Field Data Accession number 30289 Record number 30289-85 JCB call number Codex Ind 2 Image title figura 1a. Cuevas de los siete linajes que poblaron en México y alrededor dél. Place image published [Mexico] Image date [ca. 1585] Image function plate; leaf 85 Technique painting Image dimension height 12.9 cm. Image dimension width 19 cm. Page dimension height 21 cm. Page dimension width 15.2 cm. Materials medium watercolor Materials support paper Languages Spanish Description Chicomoztoc, or the seven caverns, with men and women. Source creator Tovar, Juan de, ca. 1546-ca. 1626 Source Title Historia de la benida de los yndios apoblar a Mexico de las partes remotas de Occidente los sucessos y perigrinaçiones del camino su gouierno, ydolos y templos dellos, ritos y cirimonias... calandarios delos tiempos Source place of publication Mexico Source date ca. 1585 notes Chicomoztoc, which means "seven caves," the place from which the Aztec believed they came, was the Nahautl word for the mouth or womb. In the Aztec myth of creation, the Mexica left the bowels of the earth and settled in Aztlán, from which they acquired the name Aztec and from whence they undertook a migration southward in search of a sign for where they should settle once more. Image is placed horizontally on page. The Tovar manuscript is divided into three sections. This second section of the manuscript--an illustrated history of the Aztecs--is essentially the same as the Codex Ramírez and forms the main body of the manuscript. Time Period 1492-1600 References Lafaye, J. Manuscript Tovar, p. 238-239 Provenance/Donor Acquired from the collection of Sir Thomas Phillipps in 1946. Owner and copyright ©John Carter Brown Library, Box 1894, Brown University, Providence, R.I. 02912 Commentary Add a comment geographic area Spanish America Subject Area Indigenous peoples Subject headings Mexico--History--To 1519 Subject headings Indians of Mexico Subject headings Aztecs--Origin Subject headings Aztlán

3. ------------- Image1 ------------- Field Data Accession number 30289 Record number 30289-95 JCB call number Codex Ind 2 Image title 4a. El Tunal con el Aguila que hallaron en la laguna Place image published [Mexico] Image date [ca. 1585] Image function plate; verso leaf 91 Technique painting Image dimension height 18.1 cm. Image dimension width 13.3 Page dimension height 21 cm. Page dimension width 15.2 cm. Materials medium watercolor Materials support paper Languages Spanish Description Founding of Mexico City or Tenochtitlán. An eagle devours a bird while perched on a flowering cactus. The cactus grows from a rock in the middle of a lake. Footsteps of the Mexicans are shown approaching the base of the cactus. On the right is Tenoch (known from his glyph of a flowering cactus) who led the Aztecs to Tenochtitlán. On the left is Tochtzin, or Mexitzin (known from his glyph of a rabbit), from Calpan (known from the glyph of a house with a flag), Tenoch's co-ruler. The two rulers sit on basket-work thrones. At upper right is the symbol of Copil, son of Malinalxochitl, or five dots with crossed arrows, on a shield. Source creator Tovar, Juan de, ca. 1546-ca. 1626 Source Title Historia de la benida de los yndios apoblar a Mexico de las partes remotas de Occidente los sucessos y perigrinaçiones del camino su gouierno, ydolos y templos dellos, ritos y cirimonias... calandarios delos tiempos Source place of publication Mexico Source date ca. 1585 notes The Aztecs, guided by the prophecies of Huitzilopochtli (the god of the sun and war), ended their migration by building Tenochtitlán, on an island in a lake where an eagle held a snake perched on a flowering nopal cactus. The cactus grew, according to their mythology, from the heart of Copil, son of Huitzilopochtli's sister, which had been flung onto the island. His symbol of five dots represents the Aztec belief that the world was a flat surface divided into five directions (north, south, east, west and the center where their capital was located). The Tovar manuscript is divided into three sections. This second section of the manuscript--an illustrated history of the Aztecs--is essentially the same as the Codex Ramírez and forms the main body of the manuscript. Time Period 1492-1600 References Lafaye, J. Manuscript Tovar, p. 240-241 References exhibitions Danforth, S. Encountering the New World, Fig. 20 Provenance/Donor Acquired from the collection of Sir Thomas Phillipps in 1946. Owner and copyright ©John Carter Brown Library, Box 1894, Brown University, Providence, R.I. 02912 Commentary Add a comment geographic area Spanish America Subject Area Artifacts, industry, and human activities Subject Area Indigenous peoples Subject headings Mexico--History--To 1519 Subject headings Indians of Mexico Subject headings Aztecs--Kings and rulers--Mythology

4. ------------- Image1 ------------- Field Data Accession number 30289 Record number 30289-87 JCB call number Codex Ind 2 Image title 3a. Cerro de Chapultépec. Place image published [Mexico] Image date [ca. 1585] Image function plate; leaf 89 Technique painting Image dimension height 13.6 cm. Image dimension width 19.4 cm. Page dimension height 21 cm. Page dimension width 15.2 cm. Materials medium watercolor Materials support paper Languages Spanish, Nahuatl Description Hill of the grasshoppers. An emperor on a throne sits before the hill which is represented with a winding road and a spring. Military aspects include soldiers with war clubs and shields from three armies, feathered headdresses, and jaguar skin. Source creator Tovar, Juan de, ca. 1546-ca. 1626 Source Title Historia de la benida de los yndios apoblar a Mexico de las partes remotas de Occidente los sucessos y perigrinaçiones del camino su gouierno, ydolos y templos dellos, ritos y cirimonias... calandarios delos tiempos Source place of publication Mexico Source date ca. 1585 notes Huitziláihuitl (reigned 1395-1417), the Aztec emperor recognizable by his symbol of the hummingbird with white feathers, sits on his throne at right. Above him are four figures who represent the four primitive tribes of the Mexica. Three armies converge on the Mexica to annihilate them, the Tepanec of Azcapotzalco, the Chalco (who captured and killed Huitziláihuitl), and the Xochimilca. The chief of one army wears the jaguar skin of a warrior caste and carries a shield with the symbol of the Mitla (center of Zapotec ceremonies). Image placed horizontally on page. The Tovar manuscript is divided into three sections. This second section of the manuscript--an illustrated history of the Aztecs--is essentially the same as the Codex Ramírez and forms the main body of the manuscript. Time Period 1492-1600 References Lafaye, J. Manuscript Tovar, p. 254 Provenance/Donor Acquired from the collection of Sir Thomas Phillipps in 1946. Owner and copyright ©John Carter Brown Library, Box 1894, Brown University, Providence, R.I. 02912 Commentary Add a comment geographic area Spanish America Subject Area Artifacts, industry, and human activities Subject Area Indigenous peoples Subject headings Mexico--History--To 1519 Subject headings Indians of Mexico Subject headings Aztecs--Kings and rulers--Mythology

5. ------------- Image1 ------------- Field Data Accession number 30289 Record number 30289-116 JCB call number Codex Ind 2 Image title Tlacaxipehualiztli Place image published [Mexico] Image date [ca. 1585] Image function illustration; recto leaf 147 Technique manuscript, painting Image dimension height 18.7 cm. Image dimension width 7.6 cm. Page dimension height 21 cm. Page dimension width 15.2 cm. Materials medium ink, watercolor Materials support paper Languages Nahuatl, Spanish Description The god, Xipe Tótec, or his impersonator, is shown wearing a tunic made of flayed human skin and with a protruding tongue. He wears a headdress with green feathers and sandals. In his left hand, he holds a rattle staff. In the right hand are two linked ears of maize or corn. Tied to the headband is a deer hoof. Hanging from his right earlobe is a bifurcated golden pendant. At his feet is a leaping goat or ram. Source creator Tovar, Juan de, ca. 1546-ca. 1626 Source Title Historia de la benida de los yndios apoblar a Mexico de las partes remotas de Occidente los sucessos y perigrinaçiones del camino su gouierno, ydolos y templos dellos, ritos y cirimonias... calandarios delos tiempos Source place of publication Mexico Source date ca. 1585 notes This month, identified as March with the astrological symbol of a ram or aries, commemorated the festival of flaying people and the month is represented by an image of Xipe Tótec, "our flayed lord." The rattle staff is one of the insignia of this god, as are the two linked ears of maize. The deer hoof is associated with the hunting rites of the god. The golden pendant, called teocuitlanacochtli, is closely associated with the god. The Tovar manuscript is divided into three sections. This third section of the manuscript contains the Tovar calendar which records a continuous Mexican calendar with months, weeks, days, dominical letters, and church festivals of a Christian 365-day year. Time Period 1492-1600 References Kubler, G. & Gibson, C. The Tovar Calendar, Memoirs of the Connecticut Academy of Arts & Sciences, vol. XI, p. 22-23 Provenance/Donor Acquired from the collection of Sir Thomas Phillipps in 1946. Owner and copyright ©John Carter Brown Library, Box 1894, Brown University, Providence, R.I. 02912 Commentary Add a comment geographic area Spanish America Subject Area Indigenous peoples Subject headings Mexico--History--To 1519 Subject headings Indians of Mexico Subject headings Aztec calendar Subject headings Aztec gods

6. ------------- Image1 ------------- Field Data Accession number 29022 Record number 29022-4 JCB call number Codex Ind 1 /1-SIZE Image title [Ancient Mexicans and lake] Place image published [Santa Maria Tetelpan, Mexico] Image date [ca. 1700-1743] Image function illustration; leaf [4v]-[5r] Technique manuscript, watercolor Image dimension height 23.2cm. Image dimension width 40 cm. [both pages] Page dimension height 24.5 cm. Page dimension width 45.5 cm. [both pages] Materials medium ink, colors Materials support amatl paper Languages Nahuatl Description Native Americans of ancient Mexico. Cultural artifacts include spears, bow, arrows, sandals, skin garments, and feathered headdresses. Source place of publication [Santa Maria Tetelpan, Mexico] Source date [ca. 1700-1743] notes This codex, known as the Codex Coyoacán, is from a pueblo called Santa Maria Tetelpan [perhaps no longer extant] in Oaxaca, Mexico. It was written in council and confirms the property borders and rights of the indigenous peoples of the town. This is one of a number of codices known as the Techialoyan codices which record early eighteenth-century native Mexican land ownership history. Though not of the early Conquest era as is stated in the narrative (either 1525 or 1545), it is now considered to be not so much a forgery, as a fairly accurate statement of landholding probably compiled from pre-Columbian or early colonial pictorial documents and oral traditions and created in the period between circa 1700 and 1743. Time Period 1701-1750 References Robertson, D. "Techialoyan manuscripts," Handbook of Middle American Indians, vol. XIV, 253-280 References exhibitions Johnson, J. G. Book in the Americas, Item 25, Fig. 34 Provenance/Donor Acquired in 1941. Owner and copyright ©John Carter Brown Library, Box 1894, Brown University, Providence, R.I. 02912 Commentary Add a comment geographic area Spanish America Subject Area Artifacts, industry, and human activities Subject Area Indigenous peoples Subject headings Indians of Mexico

7. ------------- Image1 ------------- Field Data Accession number 06944 Record number 06944-66 JCB call number D796 S812n / 1-SIZE Image title [top] View of the Settlement called the Jew's Savannah. [bottom] View of the Blue Bergh called Mount Parnassus. Place image published London Image publisher J. Johnson, St. Paul's Church Yard Image date Decr. 1st. 1791 Image function plate 70; vol. 2, following p. 292 Technique engraving, hand coloring Image dimension height 16.3 cm. Image dimension width 13 cm. Page dimension height 29 cm. Page dimension width 22.5 cm. Materials medium ink, colors Materials support paper Languages English Description [top] View of the Jewish Savannah on the Surinam River. Built environment includes a tent-boat, other boats, and dwellings. [bottom] View of a settlement at the base of a blue mountain. Built environment includes dwellings and tent boat being pulled by two blacks [slaves]. Source creator Stedman, John Gabriel, 1744-1797 Source Title Narrative, of a five years' expedition, against the revolted Negroes of Surinam... Vol. II. Source place of publication London Source publisher Printed for J. Johnson, St. Paul's Church Yard, & J. Edwards, Pall Mall Source date 1796 notes The Jewish Savannah, the first permanent Jewish settlement in the New World, was settled first by Portuguese Jews between 1635 and 1639. During the first half of the eighteenth century, the 2,000 inhabitants of the Jewish Savannah constituted half of Suriname's white population. Time Period 1751-1800 Provenance/Donor Acquired before 1874. Owner and copyright ©John Carter Brown Library, Box 1894, Brown University, Providence, R.I. 02912 Commentary Add a comment geographic area Guianas Subject Area Artifacts, industry, and human activities Subject Area Geography, maps, city views and plans Subject headings Suriname--Description and travel

8. ------------- Image1 ------------- Field Data Accession number 05709 Record number 05709-5 JCB call number B804 M357d1 Image title [Temple of the Feathered Serpent, Xochicalco] Place image published [Rome] Image publisher [Presso il Salomoni] Image date 1804 Image function fold-out plate IV [4]; following p. 47 Technique engraving Image dimension height 18 cm. Image dimension width 28.1 cm. Page dimension height 30 cm. Page dimension width 41.5 cm. Materials medium ink Materials support paper Description Row of carvings from the temple of the Feathered Serpent in Xochicalco. Includes images of a native American being eaten by an eagle, flowers, and Aztec figures. Source creator Marquez, Pietro, 1741-1820 Source Title Due antichi monumenti di architettura messicana... Source place of publication Roma [Rome] Source publisher Presso il Salomoni Source date 1804 notes A Mexican Jesuit who left Mexico to go to Italy when the Jesuits were expelled in 1767, Pedro José Marquez wrote in Italian on architecture and fine arts. The ruins of Xochicalco had first been brought to European attention by José Antonio de Alzate y Ramírez in 1791. Xochicalco means "in the House of Flowers" in the Nahuatl language. Quetzalcoatl, the Aztec god, was known as the Feathered Serpent. Time Period 1801-1850 Provenance/Donor Acquired before 1870. Owner and copyright ©John Carter Brown Library, Box 1894, Brown University, Providence, R.I. 02912 geographic area Spanish America Subject Area Artifacts, industry, and human activities Subject headings Xochicalco (Mexico) Subject headings Indian architecture--Mexico