1. 3 An Age of Explorations and Isolation, 1400–1800
QUIT 3
CHAPTER
An Age of Explorations
and Isolation, 1400–1800
Chapter Overview
Time Line
SECTION 1
Europeans Explore the East
SECTION 2
China Rejects European Outreach
SECTION 3
Japan Limits Western Contacts
MAP
GRAPH
Visual Summary

2. 3 An Age of Explorations and Isolation, 1400–1800
HOME 3
CHAPTER
An Age of Explorations
and Isolation, 1400–1800
Chapter Overview
Seeking spices and converts, European nations lead successful voyages of exploration to the East. China and Japan both limit foreign contact after a brief period of acceptance.

3. 3 An Age of Explorations and Isolation, 1400–1800 HOME Time Line 1400
CHAPTER
An Age of Explorations
and Isolation, 1400–1800
Time Line
1405 Zheng He takes first voyage.
1494 Spain and Portugal sign Treaty of Tordesillas.
1619 Dutch establish trade headquarters in Java.
1400
1800
1419 Prince Henry founds navigation school.
1603 Tokugawa shoguns rule Japan.
1793 Britain seeks trade opening with China.

4. Europeans Explore the East Key Idea 1
HOME 1
Europeans
Explore the East
Key Idea
The desire for profit and the hope of spreading Christianity motivate European exploration, and new technology makes it possible. The Portuguese dominate exploration until other Europeans, especially the Dutch, establish their own trading empires.
Overview
Assessment

5. Europeans Explore the East Overview 1 • Bartolomeu Dias • Prince Henry
HOME 1
Europeans
Explore the East
TERMS & NAMES
Overview
• Bartolomeu Dias
• Prince Henry
• Vasco da Gama
• Treaty of Tordesillas
• Dutch East India Company
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
Driven by the desire for wealth and Christian converts, Europeans began an age of exploration.
European exploration was an important step toward the global interaction that characterizes the world today.
Assessment

6. Europeans Explore the East 1 1
HOME 1
Europeans
Explore the East
Section 1
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Trace the establishment of Portugal’s trading empire in the Indian Ocean by supplying the significant event for each date shown below.
1419
1498
1487
1511
Prince Henry founds navigation school.
Vasco da Gama reaches the Indian port of Calicut.
Dias sails around the tip of Africa.
The Portuguese gain control of the Strait of Malacca.
continued . . .

7. Europeans Explore the East 1 1
HOME 1
Europeans
Explore the East
Section 1
Assessment
2. What did the Treaty of Tordesillas reveal about Europeans’ attitudes toward non-European lands and peoples? THINK ABOUT
• the dispute between the Portuguese and Spanish
• how the treaty settled the dispute
ANSWER
Possible Response:
The treaty revealed that Europeans had a low view of non-Europeans and considered their land to be free for the taking.
continued . . .

8. Europeans Explore the East 1 1
HOME 1
Europeans
Explore the East
Section 1
Assessment
3. In what ways did Europeans owe some of their sailing technology to other peoples of the world?
THINK ABOUT
• the astrolabe
• the compass
ANSWER
The astrolabe had been perfected by the Muslims, while the magnetic compass was invented by the Chinese.
Possible Response:
End of Section 1

9. China Rejects European Outreach Key Idea 2
HOME 2
China Rejects
European Outreach
Key Idea
After a series of successful voyages of exploration, China withdraws into isolation. Both the Ming and the Qing dynasties limit foreign trade and follow a policy of self-sufficiency.
Overview
Assessment

10. China Rejects European Outreach Overview 2 • Ming Dynasty • Hongwu
HOME 2
China Rejects
European Outreach
TERMS & NAMES
Overview
• Ming Dynasty
• Hongwu
• Yonglo
• Zheng He
• Manchus
• Qing Dynasty
• Kangxi
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
Advances under the Ming and Qing dynasties left China self-contained and uninterested in European contact.
China’s independence from the West continues today, even as it forges new economic ties with the outside world.
Assessment

11. Encouraged agriculture, Confucian standards, administrative reforms
HOME 2
China Rejects
European Outreach
Section 2
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List several relevant facts about each emperor below.
Emperor
Relevant Facts
Hongwu
Yonglo
Kangxi
Qian-long
Defeated Mongols
Ruled 1368–1398
First Ming emperor
Encouraged agriculture, Confucian standards, administrative reforms
Became brutal
1398, assumed throne
Moved capital to Beijing
Built Forbidden City
Sponsored first Zheng He voyage
Increased number of tributaries
Ruled 1661–1722
First Manchu emperor
Defeated Mongols
Lowered taxes
Patronized arts
Ruled 1736–1795 at China’s greatest size and prosperity
Hard-working
Dealt with border unrest and European missionaries and traders
continued . . .

12. China Rejects European Outreach 2 2
HOME 2
China Rejects
European Outreach
Section 2
Assessment
2. When Qian-long expected Lord George Macartney to kowtow, what do you think Macartney should have done? Why? THINK ABOUT
• cultural differences
• effect on trading
• the kowtow ritual
• political correctness
ANSWER
Possible Responses:
• kowtow to gain trade
• bow to compromise
• stand to show equality
• refuse to see him to show disfavor
End of Section 2

13. Japan Limits Western Contacts Key Idea 3
HOME 3
Japan Limits
Western Contacts
MAP
GRAPH
Key Idea
After a period of severe disorder, the Tokugawa Shogunate unifies Japan. In the two centuries of peace and prosperity that follow, the Japanese close their country to foreign ideas by banning Christianity and severely restricting foreign trade.
Overview
Assessment

14. Japan Limits Western Contacts Overview 3 • daimyo • Oda Nobunaga
HOME 3
Japan Limits
Western Contacts
MAP
GRAPH
TERMS & NAMES
Overview
• daimyo
• Oda Nobunaga
• Toyotomi Hideyoshi
• Tokugawa Shogunate
• kabuki
• haiku
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
The Tokugawa regime unified Japan and began a 200-year period of isolation, autocracy, and economic growth.
Even now, Japan continues to limit and control dealings with foreigners, especially in the area of trade.
Assessment

15. Japan Limits Western Contacts 3 3
HOME 3
Japan Limits
Western Contacts
MAP
GRAPH
Section 3
Assessment
1. Japan was unified by a succession of daimyos. Summarize the accomplishments of each. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts.
Daimyo
Accomplishments
Nobunaga
Hideyoshi
Ieyasu
1568, took Kyoto
Defeated enemy daimyos
1575, used firearms in battle
By 1590, claimed most of Japan
Invaded Korea in 1592
1600, defeated rival daimyos
1603, took shogun title
Moved capital to Edo
Restricted daimyo power
Rule of law
continued . . .

16. Japan Limits Western Contacts 3 3
HOME 3
Japan Limits
Western Contacts
MAP
GRAPH
Section 3
Assessment
2. Do you think Japan’s closed country policy effectively kept Western ideas and customs out of Japan?
THINK ABOUT
• the attitude toward European presence
• reaction to past restrictions on Christianity and trade
• the role of Nagasaki
ANSWER
Possible Responses:
Yes—European influence was confined to Nagasaki; large population uneducated; shoguns censored information.
No—Nagasaki provided a port for European ideas as well as trade.
continued . . .

17. Japan Limits Western Contacts 3 3
HOME 3
Japan Limits
Western Contacts
MAP
GRAPH
Section 3
Assessment
3. Compare and contrast the role of women in China to the role of women in Japan. What are the similarities and the differences between the two?
ANSWER
Possible Responses:
China—female infanticide; footbinding; some jobs outside home
Japan—no female infanticide or footbinding; more job opportunities
Both—subservient to husband; most work in fields; manage household and children
End of Section 3