1. Chapters

2.  Study of carbon and most carbon containing compounds  # of Carbon containing compounds far exceeds # of inorganic compounds

3.  Carbon can make 4 bonds  Shapes – depending on pairs of electrons that repel each other. Ex. ◦ CH 4 - Tetrahedral ◦ NH 3 – Pyramidal ◦ CO 2 - Linear

4.  Saturated compounds ◦ If the compound only contains single bonds, then it is said to be saturated  Unsaturated compounds ◦ If the compound contains double or triple bonds, then is said to be unsaturated * (not bonded to as many atoms as it can) H H H – C – C – H H H I H H H – C = C – H I C2H6C2H6 C2H4C2H4 Structural Formula Molecular Formula

5.  Contains only Carbons and Hydrocarbons  3 homologous series (Table Q)

6.  All single bonds  Naming alkanes ◦ Pick the prefix from Table P based on the total number of carbons in the chain ◦ Name ends in “ane” Methane Ethane Propane Butane C n H 2n+2

7.  Contains a double bond  Pick the prefix from Table P based on the total number of carbons in the chain  Name ends in “ene”  C n H 2n Ethene Propene 1-Butene or n-Butene 1-pentene or N-pentene

8.  Number the carbons in the chain  Denote the carbon that the double bond starts from in front of the name 2-Butenen-Butene or 1-butene What about….. 1,3-Butadiene 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

9.  Contains a triple bond  Name ends in “yne”  C n H 2n-2

10.  Same formula but different structure C 4 H 10

11.  Identify longest continuous carbon chain (name as an alkane/alkene/alkyne)  Identify groups hanging off the carbon chain (including the carbon #)  Different groups that can hang off of a carbon chain are listed in Table R. Ex. ◦ Alkyl groups ◦ Halides ◦ Alcohols, etc.

12.  Alkane chains hanging off the main carbon chain  Identify the longest continuous C chain  Prefix ending in “–yl” ◦ Methyl, propyl, etc. * Start numbering the C chain from the side closest to a group hanging off the chain propane methyl

13. If more than one functional group, then use #s and prefixes

15.  # the carbon that the halogen is attached to  If more than 1 of the same group, use di, tri, tetra, etc. prefixes  worksheet

16.  “-OH” or hydroxyl group hanging off the carbon chain

17.  Depends on the number of hydroxyl (-)OH groups attached to the C chain ◦ Monohydroxy – contains 1 (-OH) group ◦ Dihydroxy – contains 2 –OH groups ◦ Trihydroxy – contains 3 –OH groups

18.  Depends on how many Carbons the OH carbon is attached to ◦ Primary - “-OH” Carbon is attached to only 1 other carbon ◦ Secondary – “–OH” carbon is attached to 2 other carbons ◦ Tertiary – “–OH” carbon is attached to 3 other carbons

19.  Same way as before  If more than 1 alcohol group, use prefixes with numbers

20.  Aldehydes ◦ Carbonyl group (C=O) found at the end of the chain R – C-H(R = carbon chain) O II 3 carbon chain – Ending in –COH  aldehyde  ends in al Propanal

21.  Carbonyl group in the middle of the carbon chain 5 carbon chain C=O group on the 2 nd carbon Ketone  ends in “-one” 2-Pentanone

22.  Naming Ethers  Naming organic acids  Naming esters  Naming amines  Naming amino acids  Naming amides

23.  Combustion Reaction ◦ Combustion of hydrocarbons always gives off CO 2 and H 2 O (or sometimes CO) ◦ Gives off a lot of energy C 3 H 8 (g) + 5O 2 (g)  3CO 2 (g) + 4H 2 O (g) + Energy

24.  Replacement of one or more H atoms with a halogen  Only with saturated compounds

25.  Adding a halogen to the carbon chain by breaking a double or triple bond  Only works with unsaturated compounds Cl

26.  Organic Acid + Alcohol  Ester + Water ◦ Dehydration reaction Ethanoic AcidEthanol - Main carbon chain is the one where C is attached to both O atoms - Main chain ends in –oate - The other carbon chain is named as an alkyl group Ethyl ethanoate

27.  Making soap (needs a polar and non-polar end)  Contains a metal (generally Na) Ionic/Polar end Non-Polar end

28.  Making alcohol  Yeast cells break sugars into CO 2 and alcohol C 6 H 12 O 6 2C 2 H 5 OH + 2CO 2 Sugar Alcohol enzymes

29.  Polymers are organic compounds make of chains of smaller units (monomers)  Plastics, nylon, rayon, proteins, cellulose, etc. are polymers  2 ways to make polymers ◦ Condensation polymerization  Produces water as it combines large compounds  Ex. Esterification ◦ Addition polymerization nC 2 H 2  (C 2 H 2 ) n (n is a huge #)