1. Industrial Society London’s Crystal Palace 1850 Delayed by the French Revolution, by 1830, France, Belgium and Germany tried to catch England’s industrialization. Imitating English growth was a slow process so peasants and urban artisans were more important than factory workers

2. From an agricultural to an Industrial Society Abundance of natural resources (coal, iron, cotton [American slaves]) Access to waterways Stable government Banking system Free trade zone Mobile working force Agricultural Revolution = discretionary dollars Factories and machinery = more goods at lower prices French Rev destroyed French Atlantic trade and disrupted European economy while Latin American independence opened new markets for England North America, Canada and India demanded British finished products British Navy protected British sea lanes and trade Money made from industries (cotton, iron, shipbuilding, china) was invested all over the world By 1830, Belgium (Cockerill), Germany (List) and France (Pierre) were catching up but most production still took place in the countryside

3. Western Europe - larger urban population Eastern Europe was more rural City resources, housing, water, sewer, food, were drained. 1.Slums developed 2.Diseases spread 1848 [Cholera] 3. Crime increased With Enclosure, new land distributions from the French Revolution and emancipation of serfs, Liberals hoped peasants would become commercialized farmers. They did not. They stayed conservative to protect land that was too small for new innovation and too small to sustain food production 1845 - 1847 Potato famine caused more migration to cities. By 1850s rural population = labor force for factories Population Trends Cities and America

4. Railroads symbolized new migration to cities With railroads, canals and better roads people could travel further while raw materials and goods could be shipped cheaper. Developed technology for tunnels and bridges Effects on Labor force: 1.Emphasis on Investment in capital goods [goods used to produce other goods] not consumer goods so workers could not purchase much with wages [Russia] 2.Caused increased demand for iron and steel that replaced wood 3. Demand for a more skilled labor force J.M.W. Turner Rain, Steam, Speed

5. 1.Work force was varied: factory workers, urban artisans, craftsmen, servants, miners, railroad workers 2.Proletarianization of factory workers and urban artisans meant workers contributed labor for wages but lost ownership of production tools. 3. Workers accepted discipline in factories [closed gates, fines, fired, yelled at] 4. Had no say in quality or price of goods Owners Welch Mines

6. Effects on Proletariat 1.Expansion of cities helped craftsmen like carpenters, roofers, and masons while lower prices for textile goods helped hatters and tailors. 2.Guilds faced competition from liberal economics that outlawed them and machine production that standardized sizes [confection] 3.Confection caused division of labor. Required skills decreased as did wages 4.Guilds tried to increase production and reduce costs by lowering wages causing strikes 5. Large labor force from countryside would accept lower wages Manchester 1850

7. Political Action -Chartists Urban Artisans frustrated with wages and decreased need for skills became radical Solution to their economic woes was political actions Demands: 1.Universal male suffrage 2.Yearly election in Commons 3.Secret Ballot 4.Equal Electoral districts 5.Abolish property requirements 6.Pay members of Commons Failed because members were split; use violence or peaceful solutions Chartist Meeting - 1848

8. FAMILY STRUCTURE 1700s - family was unit of production.Worked together in cottage industry where each person had a role and parents could discipline children Early factories fathers could employ wives and children and keep discipline 1820 shift - large factories with newer machinery required less skilled operators and many unskilled attendants. Men’s wages increased so children could go to school and wives stayed home Unmarried women and children were hired for lower wages and less likely to form unions Family unit separated

9. Child Labor 1833 - English Factory Act - no child under 9 could work, children from 9 - 13 worked 9 hours with 2 hours for schooling. Divided the family Parents wanted shorter work day to be with children 1847 - 10 hour workday 1840 - 1850 Father became breadwinner Families were now units of consumption Some Families had to share income Could be done from far away - railroads- so children moved away Families that moved together to cities had children living longer at home

10. Women in Early Industrial Revolution Before, division of family roles was just middle class, now the lower classes are affected Larger machines in factories meant women could stay at home - they were replaced by men who got higher wages Unmarried women were majority of workers Needed fewer skills = less wages and supervisors were men! Married women not hired because they could become pregnant. Most left labor force after first child.Cooked, cleaned, children, finances Most worked as domestic servants or in the cottage industry where sweatshop conditions were awful Lower wages meant prostitution or accepted sexual advances of managers to make money Moved to supervised dormitories- wanted to marry and with no one to supervise, more illegitimate births. Men did not marry women who got pregnant. Children became economic asset - larger families

11. As more people moved to the cities, poverty and unemployment increased therefore, so did crime. Property holders wanted protection. There were 2 views about controlling crime; a professional police force paid by towns, (Robert Peel’s Bobbies) or prison reform. Prison reform: Previously, naval galleys, or relocation were used. But horrendous conditions in prisons begged reform. People believed criminals were flawed and could be rehabilitated Auburn system - prisoners were separated during night but could associate with each other during the day Philadelphia System - Prisoners separated at all times (Pentonville Prison) Classical Economics Malthus - Conditions of workers could not improve because the population will outstrip the food supply. Only solution was to marry later, abstain. If wages were raised people would only have more children who would consume wages & food Ricardo - “Iron law of wages” - higher wages = more children expanding work force and driving down wages. Wages would always tend toward the minimum level Bentham - Utilitarianism - greatest happiness for the greatest number would overcome special interests - Poor Laws + Repeal of Corn Laws Crime and Punishment