1. DNA Database
Abira Khan

2. What is Meant by Data & Database
Name
Position
Joining Date
Salary X Y Z
!!!
INFORMATION
Of Mr. X
DATA
Complete set of DATA = Information
Systematic collection of interrelated DATA= Database

3. Criteria of a Database
Access
Retrieval
Calculation
Porting

4. Contents of a Database DATABASE Numeric Text Video & Graphics Audio
Computing

5. What is a DNA Database? Electronic collection of DNA profiles
Not any genetic information related to health
DNA profiles are organized in different indexes
Database for population genetics
Database for Police Case Work
Database for missing persons

6. Database for Population Genetics Database for Police Case-work
Who’s DNA profile Should be Included?
Database for Population Genetics
Database for Police Case-work
Database for Missing persons
Unrelated anonymous individuals
Convicted Offenders
Suspects
Crime scene Samples
Dead bodies
Relatives of the missing persons

7. Database for Population Genetics

8. Database of Anonymous Person
Required for the calculation of following parameters:
Probability of Match in a human identity test
Probability of Paternity in a paternity test
Relationship indices in a Sibling test or other relationship testing

9. Allele Frequency Database
Minimum 100 people should be typed to establish a reliable allele frequency database
It should be kept in mind that allele frequency differs from population to population
Every country should therefore establish their own database

10. Allele Frequency Database

11. Population Database

12. Random probability of match = 7.66 x 10-21
Random match probability for a 13-loci STR profile using Bangladeshi allele frequency database
Locus
Allele 1
Allele 1
Allele freq 1
Allele freq 2
Formula
Genotype freqency (GF)
D3S1358 16
0.3033 p2
(0.3033)2 =
vWA 15 18
0.0498
0.1498
2pq
2 x x =
D16S539 10 11
0.019
0.1090
2 x x =
D2S1338 19
0.0047
0.1611
2 x x =
D8S1179 8 9
0.0118
0.0095
2 x x =
D21S11 28 29
0.1256
0.0024
2 x x =
D18S51 12 13
0.0853
0.1540
2 x x =
D19S433 14
0.2725
0.2654
2 x x =
TH01 6
0.2156
0.3389
2 x x =
FGA 25 27
0.1043
0.0569
2 x x =
Random probability of match = 7.66 x 10-21

13. Population database

14. Database for Police Case Work

15. Police Case-work DNA Profile from Convicted Offenders
DNA profile from Suspects
DNA profile from Crime Scene Samples

16. DNA Profiles from Convicted Offenders
Link suspects to unsolved cases
Link a case where no prior suspect existed
Cold-Hit

17. What is a Cold Hit ?
A hit occurs when the DNA profile of a crime scene sample matches with:
a) A profile in a database of previously convicted offenders
b) A profile in a database of suspects of specified crimes
c) A profile in a database of other crime scene profiles

18. Database of Suspects
Useful in associating person with open or unsolved cases
Suspect under bail might engage himself in other criminal activities
Person under suspicion and investigation for one offense, might be responsible for several later offense

19. The Crime Scene Samples
DNA profile from evidence found at the crime scene should be stored and accessible to legally authorized investigators
Useful for recognizing serial or multiple crimes even before a perpetrator is found
Equally useful when a perpetrator has been identified

20. Unidentified Bodies
This portion of the database would contain DNA profiles from unidentified bodies, body parts or body remains
This would provide greatest benefit when DNA profiles from immediate relatives could be used to reconstruct the DNA profiles for comparison

21. Inclusion Criteria?

22. Offender Criteria Austria, England & Wales - Any recordable offense
Czech Republic – All convicted offenders
Belgium, France - Specific offenses
Finland – Specific violent offenses
Germany - Specific offenders and with court order
Switzerland – More than 1 year in prison
Sweden – More than 2 years in prison
Norway – Serious crimes with at least 2 years in prison
Netherlands - More than 4 years in prison
Hungary – More than 5 years in prison

23. Suspect Criteria Austria – Any recordable offense
Czech Republic – May be collected only and loaded into database if charged
England & Wales – Any recordable offense
France - Specific offenses
Finland – More than 1 year in prison, plus other specified offenses
Germany - Specific offenders and with court order
Hungary – More than 5 years in prison, plus other specific offenses
Netherlands - More than 4 years in prison and with court order
Northern Ireland – Any recordable offenses
Scotland - Anyone lawfully arrested or detained.
Sweden – All suspects
Switzerland – Any suspicious person with regard to a crime

24. Removal Criteria ?

25. Offender Removal Criteria
Australia, England & Wales – Indefinite
Finland – 1 year after death
Norway – 2 years after death, or upon finding of innocence
Belgium – 10 years after death
Sweden – 10 years after sentence is served
France – 40 years after sentence, or until the age of 80
Czech Republic – Subject to 3 year review
Germany - Reviewed after 10 years for adults, 5 years for juveniles
Hungary – Until acquitted or charges abandoned
Netherlands years if convicted of a crime with year sentence, 30 years if convicted of a crime with sentence of more than 6 years
Switzerland – After 30 years, if no further convictions, or upon death

26. Suspect Removal Criteria
Australia – When acquitted
England & Wales – Indefinite
Finland – 1 year after notification of acquittal or charges dropped
France – Upon request from prosecutor or suspect if not convicted or no evidence of an offense
Germany - Reviewed after 10 years for adults, 5 years for juveniles
Hungary – 20 years after sentences expires
Netherlands - 20 years if convicted of a crime with year sentence, 30 years if convicted of a crime with sentence of more than 6 years
Northern Ireland - No legal requirement for expungement. Profiles of those dead or over 100 years of age are removed.
Scotland – Indefinitely unless acquitted or charges dropped
Sweden – Saved until allowed to register the suspect as a convicted offender
Switzerland – Upon exclusion as a suspect, death, or 5 years after sentence completed

27. Other Issues Relating to DNA Database

28. Privacy Issues Overview Legislative Provisions
Not much concern for convicted offenders
Significant concern for arrested offenders
Legislative Provisions
Purge the sample, keep the profile
Data handling regulations
Penalties for misuse of data
Saliva Swabs instead of Blood

29. Civil Liberty Issues
What information will be stored? Only DNA profiles, not any genetic information Which offense s require an offender to be in the database? Criteria has to be set by the state Can the database be abused? Require stringent regulations for data handling Can the DNA profiles be used for genetic discrimination? No Who will have access to the information and for what purpose?

30. International DNA Databases

31. Scotland and Northern Ireland have their own DNA database
World’s first DNA database set up by Forensic Science Service (FSS), UK in 1995 in England and Wales
Scotland and Northern Ireland have their own DNA database
DNA samples can be taken from people
Suspected of any crime
Reported of any crime
Convicted for any recordable offense
As of 2008 the NDNAD holds around 4 million profiles from individuals and 2,63,923 profiles from crime scenes

32. The Forensic Science Service
The NDNAB is currently achieving 1400 matches every week between crime scene samples and suspects
Police have used the database as an investigating tool to help solve a wide range of crimes

33. Combined DNA Index System (CODIS)
Established by FBI, US in 1998
Enables Federal, State and local crime labs to exchange and compare DNA profiles electronically
Currently (until 2008) it has 63,98,000 convicted offenders and 2,49,000 crime scene samples
Only 12 states are hooked up to the FBI’s database so far

34. Cold-Hit Counts in CODIS
Year
Investigation aided
Forensic Hits
Offender Hits
2000
1573
507
731
2001
3635
1031
2371
2002
6670
1832
5032
2003
11220
3004
8269
2004
20788
5147
13855
2005
30455
7071
21519
2006
43156
9529
32439
2007
62059
11750
49813
2008
80948
14122
66783

35. Other Countries Established and growing offender databases
New Zealand
Canada
Australia
France
Germany
Japan
Working towards passing offender database
Confirmed
China
Israel
Brazil
Unconfirmed
South Korea Russia Thailand
Malaysia Argentina India
Taiwan Chile
Philippines Mexico

36. INTERPOL
Interpol has proposed to establish an international DNA database for use by its Member States
Countries will be able to add profiles from their national or regional database and compare their profiles with those supplied by participating Interpol Member States
The potential benefits of a worldwide network of DNA database are obvious
However, achieving this goal may take time given the various legislative controls present in different countries

37. How Do Databases Prevent More Crime?

38. Virginia “Cold Hits” on the DNA Database of Drug Offenders

39. Virginia “Cold Hits” on the DNA Database of Forgery

40. Virginia “Cold Hits” on the DNA Database of Juveniles

41. COLD HIT Programs: Raising the Bar
Findings from Virginia, USA
Approximately 81% of hits would have been missed if data bank were limited to only violent offenders
2/3rd of the crime is committed by repeat offenders

42. Benefits of Creating a National DNA Database
Solves more crime
Prevents more crime
Saves investigation time
Reduces man hour in police department
Reduces man hour in judiciary
Saves investigation & other costs
Physical injury
Hospitalization
Lost time at work
Pain and suffering