1. Imperative Programming C

2. Imperative Programming Heart of program is assignment statements Aware that memory contains instructions and data values Commands: variable declarations, loops, conditionals, procedural abstraction Commands make a flowchart

3. Imperative Languages FORTRAN COBOL BASIC Pascal C

4. Pascal Example program Loops; var i: Integer; begin for i := 1 to 10 do begin Writeln('Hello'); Writeln('This is loop ',i); end; end.

5. C Example /*Hello, world” */ #include main() { printf(“Howdy, earth! \n”); return 0; }

6. C Printing Print strings directly Other types must be converted, because they are really numbers: char c = ‘A’; printf(“Print char c: %c.\n”,c); int n = 6; printf(“Print int n: %d.\n”,n);

7. Increment/Decrement (P.S. Same in Java) int x,y,z; x=y=z=1; y = x++; x=1; z = ++x; printf("x++ gives %d\n",y); printf("++x gives %d\n",z);

8. C-isms 0 is false, 1 is true (or non-zero) Same logical operators, &&, ||, ! But there are also bitwise operators &, |, ~ Other bitwise operators: ^, >>, << x ? y : z means “if x, y, else z” (Same as Java) char c = x > 0? ‘T’ : ‘F’

9. Memory Addresses (C) Pointers are addresses of where values are stored in memory. &variable means “address of variable” What happens? int a = 13; printf("a is %d\n",a); printf("&a is %p\n",&a);

10. Pointers in C int* ptr; -> ptr is a pointer to an int (with no pointee!) What does it do? int *ptr; int num = 4; ptr = &num;

11. More Pointer Fun in C int *ptr; int num = 4; ptr = &num; *ptr = 5;

12. Pointers in Pascal program Pointers; var p: ^integer; begin new(p); p^ := 3; writeln(p^); dispose(p); end.

13. C Arrays int arInt[5]; int arInt2[5] = {1,4,3,2,1}; int ar[2][3] = {{1,2,3},{4,5,6}};

14. C Strings char str[] = “I like C.”; char *ptrStr = “I love pointers.”; Last character in String is ‘\0’

15. C Strings – Example: Compute length of string int myStrLen(const char* s) { int count = 0; while (*s != ‘\0’) // while(*s){ { count++; s++; } return count; }

16. Preprocessor Directives #define – substitute before compiling: #define MAX 1000 if(x > MAX)…

17. C Scope Modifiers static: don’t delete from memory - permanent duration register: suggest use of register for variable. Can’t ask for address of the variable const: make a variable constant. When pointers are const, their “pointees” are constant

18. Memory malloc: allocates memory. Must give number of bytes wanted. malloc function returns a pointer to the memory. (Null ptr if memory error). free: frees memory. char *ptr; char str[] = “String!”; ptr = malloc(sizeof(char)*7); free(ptr);

19. Defining new types Struct (record in other langs) typedef struct{ char* word; int frequency; int size; } wordInfo; wordInfo wordOne; wordOne.word = “apple”; wordOne.frequency = 0; wordOne.size = 0;

20. Pointers to Structs We often use pointers to structs (do you know why? wordInfo *wiPtr; Can dereference explicitly: wordInfo wi = *wiPtr; Or shortcut straight to the fields: int f = wiPtr->frequency;

21. What C Lacks Iterators Exception Handling Overloading Generics