1. Sokoto Caliphate By: Sela Stazzone, Matt Klinger, and Sam Cruz

2. Usman Dan Fodio- The First Sultan of the Sokoto Empire – Fundamentalist Muslim, Fulani religious leader and teacher in the Hausa city state of Gobir – Born in December of 1754 in the Hausa city state of Gobir (Present day Northwestern Nigeria) – Died in 1817 in the Sokoto Fulani Empire (Present day Northern Nigeria) – The community praised Usman for religious and political leadership

3. The Fulani Jihad- (1804-1808) – Usman initiated the Jihad when he and his followers were expelled from Hausa by the king Yunfa. – The holy war was against Gobir and other city states. – Usman’s large army of Fulani and Hausa supporters conquered Gobit, Sokoto, Kano, Katsina, other city states. – Executed the king Yunfa – Usman Dan Fodio won the Jihad and established the Sokoto Caliphate.

4. Sokoto Caliphate – The Sokoto Caliphate took up most of present day Nigeria, northern Cameroon and parts of Niger. – At its peak, it extended over 1000 miles from current day Burkina Faso to Northern Cameroon – By the end of Muhammed Bello’s rule (son of Dan Fodio), the Sokoto empire grew to be the most populous empire of West Africa. (10 million people)

5. Sokoto Caliphate

6. Sokoto Caliphate (1804-1903) Key Information – The empire existed in the early 19 th century to the early 20 th century. – The religion is Sunni Islam. – Usman Dan Fodio instituted the Jihad and became the first Sultan of Sokoto. – When Dan Fodio died his son Muhammad Bello took control of the eastern part and his brother Abdullahi became titular ruler of the western section. – Bello expanded and strengthened the empire during his reign. – Fodio and his sons stressed military power and education was encouraged by Muslim elite. – The empire started to dissolve in the 1890s. – Civil war weakened the empire and the British invaded and began to colonize. Muhammad Bello: The Second Sultan of Sokoto

7. Relations with Neighbors and Europeans – Britain and France constantly put the empire under colonial pressure which lead to the empire’s downfall. – The relationship with the British was brief. It lasted for 10 years while the British colonized. – During its reign it had a peaceful relationship with its neighbors. – Due to intimidating military power/strength

8. The Rise of the Sokoto Empire (1808-mid 1830s) – Dan Fodio believed that Allah’s law was not being implemented to his liking in Gobir. Only the spilling of blood could make it right. – The growth of the empire was due to the establishment of an extensive system of ribats. – Ribats: Small fortifications built along a frontier during Muslim conquest to house military volunteers. They also served to protect commercial routes and centers for isolated Muslim communities. – The ribats expand the Empire by developing new cities, settling the pastoral Fulani people, and supporting the growth of plantations. – The slave trade and plantations became a crucial part of the economy and its growth

9. The Fall of the Sokoto Empire (1890s-Early 20 th Century) – Collapsed under colonial pressure when Britain and France tried to invade and eventually interrupted the traditional trading patterns and crushed the economy. – The British influence was the result of the British Navy's crackdown on slavery and the slave trade. The slave trade was replaced with trade in commodities, particularly oils. – The slavery continued in the area and the British had to battle parts of the empire to eliminate slavery. – In 1893 there was an internal civil war between Kano and “anti- Sokoto” that weakened the empire.

10. Factors of the Sokoto Caliphate Factors of the Rise – Support from Fulani and Hausa believers – Ribats expanded the empire – Increase in the slave trade and slave plantations Factors of the Fall – The removal of the slave trade and slavery in the empire – Colonial pressure from Britain and France – Civil war

11. Significance in its Region – Sokoto Caliphate was huge in slave trade, and plantation industry. – They gained their slaves by raiding near by city states while trying to expand the empire. – The slaves that were seized were typically non-Muslim – When the Atlantic slave trade ended many of the slaves were used for the growing plantation industry. – Crops produced in the area: Cotton, Indigo, Kola and Shea nuts, Grain, Rice, Tobacco, and Onion

12. Era of Exploration – The Sokoto Caliphate was not conquered by the Europeans. They had a mutual relationship due to the slave trade. – The relationship between them changed when Britain no longer supported slavery and wanted the Sokoto Caliphate for other resources besides slaves.

13. Bibliography “DAWODU.COM” The Sokoto Caliphate and Its Legacies. Web. 27 Feb. 2016 “Nigeria.” Nigeria. Web. 27 Feb. 2016. “Sokoto Caliphate.” Wikipeida. Wikimedia Foundation. Web. 25 Feb. 2016. “Sokoto|State, Nigeria.” Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica. Web. 25 Feb. 2016. “Sultanate of Sokoto (Sokoto Caliphate)|The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed.” Sultanate of Sokoto (Sokoto Caliphate) | The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed. Web. 25 Feb. 2016. “The Nigerian Jihad in Historical Perspective (The Sokoto Caliphate and Boko Haram).” Newvine. Web. 25 Feb. 2016. “Usman Dan Fodio| Fulani Leader.” Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica. Web. 25 Feb.2016.