2. England’s Limited Monarchy (Beginning of English Democracy

3. Could the rich control the king? God fearing A good judge of character A good soldier Around the picture below, you can read some of the qualities which medieval people expected their king to have! Which three are the most important for a medieval king? Rich – but not greedy! Fit and strong Inspiring! Hardworking Brave Wise Firm – but fair!

4. Unlike the monarchs of France and Russia, England’s monarchs were never able to secure absolute rule.

5. 1. Roots A) Magna Carta (1215 King John forced to sign contract) B) Common Law (established over time) C) Parliament’s (England’s gov’t body) financial power

6. English nobles forced the King to sign the Magna Carta. This document limited the king’s power.

7. Parliament ► ► Parliament was established as a legislative body. ► ► It claimed the right to approve taxes. ► ► By establishing a Parliament with the right to approve taxes, the power of England’s monarchs was limited.

8. England’s Parliament is a legislative body.

9. The Magna Carta I, King John, accept that I have to govern according to the law. So I agree: 1.Not to imprison nobles without trial 2.That trials must be in courts; not held in secret by me 3.To have fair taxation for the nobles 4.To let freemen travel wherever they like 5.Not to interfere in Church matters 6.Not to seize crops without paying for them …. and lot more things too!!

10. 2. Steps toward limitations A) James I (Calvinist), cousin of Elizabeth, claims absolute rule (Believed in Absolute Monarchy)

11. James 1: Patriarchy and Divine Right ► ► … Kings are not only GODS Lieutenants upon earth, and sit upon GODS throne, but even by GOD himself they are called Gods. …Kings are also compared to Fathers of families: for a King is truely Parens patriæ, the political father of his people. (James 1 speech to Parliament: 1610) ► ► 1597–1598:The Trew Law of Free Monarchies ► ► Basilikon Doron

13. B) Charles I (Catholic), son of James, dissolves Parliament only to have to recall it again

14. Charles and Divine Right ► ► Charles was like his father in that he believed in authoritarian and absolutist government ► ► Unlike James 1 he was distant: wanted to use divine authority but didn’t like people E.g. Royal ‘Gift of Healing’: Charles 11 ‘touched’c. 90,000

15. Henrietta Maria ► ► Marriage to Henrietta Maria ► ► Allowed to practice her religion freely ► ► Portrayed as evil papist, who seduced her husband away from Protestantism ► ► Sons (Charles and James) accompanied her to mass

16. Political grievances ► ► Divine right – theory that monarchs derived their power from God and were only accountable to Him. Institutions like parliament existed only at the king’s pleasure and the king alone was the law maker ► ► Fear of absolutist monarchy

17. 3. Reasons for the English Civil War ► Petition of Rights ► A. Parliament got fed up with Charles I & refused to give him money unless signed Petition of Rights in 1628:   King could not jail people without a good reason   King could not make taxes without Parliament's approval   King could not keep his soldiers in peoples’ homes & could not use army to maintain order during peacetime

18. 4. English Civil War A) From 1642-1649 B) Oliver Cromwell leads Puritan army against Charles I

19. Oliver Cromwell! C) Oliver wins and executes Charles due to treason in 1649 D) Oliver reforms society based on strict Puritan morals

20. The Restoration (1660)

21. Charles II

22. 5. Restoration A. Charles II learned from the lessons of his father & grandfather:   Did not try to rule by Divine Right & did not threaten Parliament’s authority  Habeas CorpusLaw  Passed Habeas Corpus Law— everyone guaranteed a trial after arrest; cannot be held in jail forever   Anglicanism was official religion, but treated Puritans & Catholics equally

24. Restoration ► ► BUT, there were problems:  secret  Charles II needed more money than Parliament was willing to give; so he made a secret agreement with Louis XIV of France to convert to Catholicism in exchange for money  James II  Charles II had no children; when he died, his openly-Catholic brother James II will be king (Parliament's worst fear!!)

25. ► ► This is James II

26. 6. Glorious Revolution A. James II-Catholic-dissolves parliament, leads to the Glorious Revolution James II Charles I (Father)

27. Glorious Revolution B. William, son-in-law of James, invited to invade England C. William and Mary are Protestant -James II flees-no real fighting

28. D. William and Mary agree that Parliament should help rule- constitutional monarchy

29. English Bill of Rights ► Signed 1689 ► No suspending of Parliaments laws ► No taxing without Parliaments consent ► Freedom of speech for Parliament ► Citizens can petition King for grievances

30. Understanding #1 ► Political democracy rests on the principle that government derives power from the consent of the governed

31. Understanding #2 ► The English Civil War and Glorious Revolution prompted further development of the rights of Englishmen