1. Plagiarism Instructor: Dr. Nadeem Ahmad Chauhdry Dual PhD (Politecnico di Torino, Italy & University of Potsdam, Germany) HOD, CS & IT Department, The University of Lahore Defence Road Campus, Lahore. Email: nahmad.ch@hotmail.comnahmad.ch@hotmail.com https://sites.google.com/site/pctresearchgroup/

2. Getting Started… What is Plagiarism? “Plagiarism is the practice of taking someone else’s work or ideas and passing them off as one’s own.” —New Oxford American Dictionary

3. Plagiarism “Plagiarism means to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one’s own. To use (another’s production) without crediting the source.” —Merriam–Webster Dictionary

4. Plagiarism IEEE defines plagiarism as “the use of someone else’s prior ideas, processes, results, or words without explicitly acknowledging the original author and source”

6. Plagiarism Detection Few people set out to be plagiarists. But for many students, plagiarism happens.

7. Why Plagiarism?  We’re pressed for time  It doesn’t seem like a big deal  Other people write better than we do  We’re not sure what plagiarism is all about, so we take a chance  We believe most profs don’t have the time to check on us  We believe most profs don’t have the Internet skills to figure out what we did.

8. Plagiarism Does this mean I can’t quote from or refer to anyone else’s writing? No, it doesn’t mean that. You can use other people’s writing if you follow the right rules.

9. Referencing Others Quote When Quoting, you need quotation marks, a reference, and an item in your bibliography “Information literacy is the natural extension of the concept of literacy in our information society. Information literacy is the catalyst required to transform the information society of today into the learning society of tomorrow.” (Bruce, 2002) Bibliography Bruce, C. (2002). Information literacy as a catalyst for educational change: A background paper. White Paper Prepared for Unesco, the US National Commission on Libraries and Information Science, and the National Forum on Information Literacy, for use at the Information Literacy, Meetings of Experts, Prague, the Czech Republic, 1-17. Retrieved July 14, 2006 from http://www.infolit.org/International_Conference/papers/bru ce-fullpaper.pdf

10. Referencing Author’s Work When referring to an author’s work, you don’t need quotation marks, but you do need a reference, and an item in your bibliography Maughan (2001) demonstrates that the information literacy gap in higher education is leaving university graduates devoid of the very skills they require to function well within the information workplace. Bibliography Maughan, P. D. (2001). Assessing information literacy among undergraduates: A discussion of the literature and the University of California-Berkeley assessment experience. College & Research Libraries, 62(1), 71-85.

11. MISREPRESENTATION The heart of the problem of plagiarism is MISREPRESENTATION which breaks all the rules for using other people’s work

12. Plagiarism A person’s words and ideas are considered to be the property of the person who originates them.

13. Plagiarism Stealing a person’s words is similar to stealing somebody’s car and impressing your friends by pretending it’s yours. It’s theft, but more seriously, it’s misrepresentation.

14. Plagiarizing Any time I leave the impression that the words or ideas I‘ve written are mine, when actually they came from someone else, I am plagiarizing.

15. Plagiarism Because passing off someone else’s words or ideas as your own is misrepresentation, it is viewed as academic fraud as well as academic theft.

16. Plagiarism Consequences The penalties are severe – anything from a failed research paper to a failed course to expulsion from the institution. It’s that serious.

17. Plagiarism? So what are the boundaries? How do I know when I’ve become a plagiarist?

18. Plagiarism Some boundaries are obvious:  If I copy material from a book or article, don’t use quotation marks and don’t provide a citation to the source, I am stealing someone else’s words and pretending they are mine.

19. Plagiarism? I plagiarize if I take something off the Internet? But isn’t the Internet free for all? People post things there so other people can use them. Here you’re confusing access and plagiarism. Even if people give you permission to use their material, using it without indicating the source makes it look like it’s your material. That’s plagiarism.

20. Plagiarism What if I take a paragraph of text and just change a few words to make it my own? Am I still a plagiarist?

21. Plagiarist Yes you are. The problem here is a subtle one, so let’s try to understand it. When you just change a few words, the structure of the original is still there – the form of the paragraph, the arrangement of sentences, the ideas in their sequence. You may change some of the words, but you are stealing the structure.

22. No Plagiarism Only if you create a citation to show that the idea is not yours but came from this other author. Otherwise you are stealing an idea.

23. Plagiarism in Graphics Other boundaries are not so clear: What if I use a chart or some other graphic off the Internet, something that isn’t really words? Is that plagiarism?

24. Plagiarism You still need a citation to acknowledge who produced the graphic. There is an additional problem in that many graphics require permission of the copyright holder before you can actually use them in your own work. Be sure you know what rights are given to use the graphic.

25. Plagiarism We’ve looked at some examples, but what ties them all together? It’s the idea of “Intellectual Property.” What comes out of my mind and is communicated to others remains my property. If you use my intellectual property as if it were your own, you are plagiarizing.

26. Plagiarism It’s Starting to Look Like Everything is Plagiarism

27. Plagiarism What can I legitimately use as an information source without having to make a citation for it?

28. Plagiarism  Your own ideas  Your own analysis/evaluation of other people’s ideas (once you have provided citations for the ideas themselves)  Common knowledge – knowledge that you find in several sources that are not themselves depending on a single earlier source.

29. Paraphrasing Tricky Situations and How to Get Out of Them 1. You are planning to use some material from a source, but you would rather not quote from it. Is paraphrasing OK?

30. Paraphrasing This depends on what you mean by “paraphrasing.” By its etymology – “para” meaning “with” and “phrase” meaning (well) “phrase” - a paraphrase is a phrase by phrase rewriting of text into your own words (or mostly your own words).

31. Here’s an example (using my own writing so I won’t be accused of plagiarism) Paraphrasing

32. Study both for a few seconds. Study both for a few seconds Paraphrasing

33. Plagiarism The paraphrase you looked at is just a doctored version of the original, changed a bit so it looks like something different. But the word order, paragraph structure, and even some of the actual words are the same. That’s plagiarism. Even with the changes, the whole paraphrase is still 80% the intellectual property of the original author.

34. Plagiarism How do you avoid the paraphrasing trap? Simple. Don’t paraphrase – INTERPRET!!

35. Plagiarism The original The Interpretation (Note that very few of the original words were used, that the interpretation reveals an UNDERSTANDING rather than an IMITATION of the original, and that the interpretation is considerably shorter than the original.)

36. Paraphrasing and Interpreting? What’s the difference between paraphrasing and interpreting? In paraphrasing, you are rewriting the original phrase by phrase, sentence by sentence. When you interpret, you read the text, step back and ask, “What is this person saying?” With interpretation, you are not depending on what the author said phrase by phrase, but what the author meant overall.

37. Plagiarism Here’s a simple example: Your friend says to you, "I haven’t eaten for a long time, so why don’t we stop at McDonalds?" Someone nearby says, "What does he want?" Paraphrase: “He hasn’t had a meal for awhile and wants to go to McDonalds.” (Changes words but not basic structure. No attempt to interpret) Interpretation: “He’s hungry and wants to get a burger." (Gets at underlying meaning)

38. Plagiarism Tricky Situations and How to Get Out of Them 2. The source you are reading says it much better than you could. What’s wrong with using the writer’s words, if they help the reader of your paper to understand the situation better?

39. Plagiarism There’s nothing wrong with using someone else’s words, as long as you quote them and create a citation (note or reference) to the source.

40. Plagiarism Better still – Quote a short portion (no more than 4 or 5 lines) and present the rest as your own interpretation: “Quotation, blah, blah.” Brown goes on to argue that the real answer to this problem is…etc. (Brown 2004)

41. Plagiarism Don’t fear your own words. Most research papers major on interpretation rather than quotation, e.g.: At the graduate level, it appears that students prefer integrating their information literacy assignment work with their own projects and that they value face to face interaction with their information literacy instructors (Turnbull, Frost, & Foxlee, 2003; Washington-Hoagland & Clougherty, 2002). (an interpretation of these sources, rather than a quotation)

42. Plagiarism, eh? : How to recognize it and get it out of your life Let’s Practice: Are the Following Plagiarism or Not? Original source: The effort required to provide online information literacy instruction is intense. Your paper: The effort required to provide online information literacy instruction is intense.

43. Plagiarism, eh? : How to recognize it and get it out of your life Plagiarism It quotes the source without any indication that the words are not yours.

44. Plagiarism, eh? : How to recognize it and get it out of your life Here’s how to fix it: Original source: The effort required to provide online information literacy instruction is intense. Your paper: ”The effort required to provide online information literacy instruction is intense.” (Smith 2006, p.42)

45. Plagiarism, eh? : How to recognize it and get it out of your life Let’s try another one: Original source: The effort required to provide online information literacy instruction is intense. Your paper: Smith (2006, p.42) argues that providing online courses in information literacy is hard work.

46. Plagiarism, eh? : How to recognize it and get it out of your life Not Plagiarism You’ve interpreted without quoting, have cited your source, and have not used a great deal of the original terminology

47. Plagiarism, eh? : How to recognize it and get it out of your life Another one: Original source: The effort required to provide online information literacy instruction is intense. Your paper: The work needed to provide online information literacy teaching is intense.

48. Plagiarism, eh? : How to recognize it and get it out of your life Plagiarism Your version is a paraphrase of the original with a lot of the original terminology still there as well as the same sentence structure.

49. Plagiarism, eh? : How to recognize it and get it out of your life To sum up: It’s plagiarism if you use any text or ideas from another source in such a way that you leave the impression that the material is yours. Unless you know the information is common knowledge (found in several sources that do not depend on a single original source), using it is plagiarism When in doubt, provide a citation.

50. Plagiarism, eh? : How to recognize it and get it out of your life One more thing: You may have heard of people who plagiarized and didn’t get caught. Do professors really check for plagiarism?

51. Plagiarism, eh? : How to recognize it and get it out of your life Yes they do, and a surprisingly large percentage of plagiarism is busted.

52. Plagiarism, eh? : How to recognize it and get it out of your life Do yourself a big favor: Keep plagiarism out of your life.

53. Examples of Plagiarism… Copying and pasting text from online encyclopedias Copying and pasting text from any web site Using photographs, video or audio without permission or acknowledgement Using another student’s or your parents’ work and claiming it as your own even with permission Using your own work without properly citing it!

54. More Examples of Plagiarism… Quoting a source without using quotation marks-even if you do cite it Citing sources you didn’t use Getting a research paper, story, poem, or article off the Internet Turning in the same paper for more than one class without the permission of both teachers (this is called self-plagiarism) Can you think of more?

55. How to Avoid Plagiarism… Use your own words and ideas Always give credit to the source where you have received your information If you use someone’s exact words - put them in quotes and give credit using in- text citations. Include the source in your references

56. How to Avoid Plagiarism… If you have paraphrased someone’s work, (summarizing a passage or rearranging the order of a sentence and changing some of the words)-always give credit Take very good notes--write down the source as you are taking notes. Do not wait until later to try and retrieve the original source Avoid using someone else’s work with minor “cosmetic” changes

57. Special Consideration: The INTERNET Special recognition needs to be given to the Internet as a source of information. Due to the transient nature of information on the Internet, you may choose to keep a copy (either paper or electronic) of the website used. WHY??? Internet sites must be evaluated very carefully for reliability, as all sources are not authoritative or trustworthy.  Who wrote it? What’s the source? Contact info?  Is the info accurate? Appropriate? Reliable?  When was the information last updated?  Does it agree with other credible sources?  Do the links work? Is it well laid out? Easy to navigate?

58. CITATIONS IN TEXT Definition In text citations identify the source of a quotation or a personal communication used in research. Format like this (author’s last name, publication date, and page number p. or pp.). 1 2 3 Citations within the writing (paragraph) are quick and limited in information. Citations point you to the full information on a back References page. Purpose 1.Whether paraphrasing or quoting an author directly, the source must be credited. 2.In text citations refer the reader to a References page. The reader then knows where the information came from.

59. Format 1.Citations are included in the same sentence or paragraph as the quotation. 2.The sentence and the citation together must provide the author’s last name, publication date and page(s) from which the quotation was taken.

60.  For poetry, include line numbers at the end of a quote (Jones, l. 5 ) or (Stevens, ll. 2-18 ).  Once you know the source, just use line numbers ( l. 18 ).  One line? – work the line into a sentence, & use “quote marks” ( l. 7).  Two or three lines? – separate each line with a slash / to indicate the end of the lines. Use quotation marks.  Four lines or longer? – set the quote apart, and block indent. Do not use quotation marks. (ll. 12 – 20) In Text Format for Poetry

61. Punctuation 1.Quotation marks “ ” enclose quotations of less than 40 words and are included in the sentence or text, then the citation. 2.Quotations of more than 40 words are indented five spaces from the left margin and are double-spaced in a free-standing block (example later). They are also known as a Block Quotation. 3.Just before the long quotation starts, type a colon: then indent your long quotation (block quotation). (then your citation after the period) 4.Brackets ( ) enclose information about the source of the quotation (this is the citation).

62. Quotation Examples… 1. less than 40 words: He confirms our suspicions. “Because N-Gen children are born with technology, they assimilate it. Adults must accommodate – a different and much more difficult learning process”_ (Tapscott, 1998, p. 40). (Punctuation is only after in-text citation.)

63. Quotation Examples… 2. more than forty words (Block Quotation): The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2010) explains how to avoid plagiarism : Quotation marks should be used to indicate the exact words of another. Each time you paraphrase another author (i.e., summarize a passage or rearrange the order of a sentence and change some of the words), you need to credit the source of the text.. (p.15) (Punctuation at end of quote, before the citation.)

64. Citation Example 1 He states, “anything takes on a new meaning when we think of it as a monument” (Boorstin, 1987, p. 215) and adds that monuments can be both man-made and natural. Note punctuation What makes this sentence elegant or unique? The sentence has both a direct quotation and a paraphrase!

65. Citation Example 2 Johnston and Cutchins (1988) state that “life is hard for animal babies of all kinds, but for young reptiles, surviving their first year is especially difficult” (p. 36). two authors in the brackets ampersand “&” &  To put two authors in the brackets, you must use the ampersand “&” symbol. (Johnston & Cutchins, 1988, p. 36) more than 3 authors “et al”  For more than 3 authors, you may use the Latin phrase “et al” which means “and the rest” (Abrams, et al, 2010, p. 345)

66. Personal Communications Personal communications include e-mail letters, telephone conversations, interviews, etc. They are mentioned in the body of a paper only, as they are not locatable. They are cited (see below), but NEVER included in your reference list, because a reader cannot refer to or locate them later. Author Martine Bates (personal communication, January 25, 2011) is excited about Marwen’s latest adventures and hopes her readers are too.

67. Citing Electronic Sources (Internet, Online Communities, etc) For electronic sources that do not provide page numbers: Use the paragraph number, if available, preceded by the paragraph symbol ¶ or the abbreviation para. If neither paragraph nor page numbers are visible, cite the heading and the number of the paragraph following it to direct the reader to the location of the material (APA, 2010, Section 7.11). (Myers, 2008, ¶ 5) (Beutler, 2000, Conclusion section, para. 1) (APA Style, 2005, para. 3)

68. Citing Internet Sources or Sources with No Author Many times, you will encounter and need to cite a resource that does not have an author. It might be a Corporation. We are used to doing citations using the author’s last name. However, this is not always possible. REFERENCE LISTING of resources that do not have authors: No Author Sports nutrition: Nutrition science & the Olympics. (2008). Retrieved from http://btc.montana.edu/olympics/nutrition/default.htm

69. Corporate Author Centre for Systems Science at Simon Fraser University. [Image]. (2009). Great Canadian scientists. Retrieved from http://fas.sfu.ca/css/gcs/main.html Romeo and Juliet [CD-ROM]. (1997). New York: Columbia. **Use the first few words of the title or corporate author if no author’s name is given Examples: Many people feel that eating healthy foods can help your performance playing sports: “It is a proven fact that eating a nutritious meal prior to a game will increase performance” (Sports Nutrition, 1998).

70. FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS Why use the American Psychological Association (APA) format regarding references? It is very widely recognized and an authoritative source for references and citations in research work. APA is frequently used in local universities. It is not the only form. What other forms are there? MLA, Turabian, Chicago – Use what the instructor asks! APA Website University of Calgary Son of Citation Machine

71. Source: http://www.fborfw.com/strip_fix/archives/000811.php

72. References Go to the back of your document, and on a SEPARATE piece of paper…  Centre the word “ References ” (not bolded) at the top of the page.  Give the full information on how to access your sources, in alphabetic order, (sort↓) and a hanging indent.  Double-space the whole page.

73. References American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6 th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. APA Style.Org (2005). Electronic references: Citations in text of electronic material. Retrieved from http://www.apastyle.org/electext.html Calgary Board of Education. (2000). References and citations in text: Formats for student research. Retrieved from http://www.cbe.ab.ca/sss/ssspdf/ref-citations-05-00.pdf

74. Bibliography (suggested for further information or investigation) American Psychological Association. (2010). American Psychological Association Psych Net. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/journals/webref.html Bibliographic formats for citing electronic information. (2009). Retrieved from http://www.uvim/edu/~ncrane/estyles

75. Thank You! You are welcome to ask your teacher-librarian if you need any help. The End.

76. For Better or For Worse – Lynn Johnston Source: http://www.fborfw.com/strip_fix/archives/000809.php

77. Source: http://www.fborfw.com/strip_fix/archives/000810.php H:\\samcgowan\Plagiarism&Citations.ppt