1. Nursing today: The health science of caring Dr. Aidah Abu Elsoud Alkaissi Nursing & Midwifery Department Medical & Health Sciences College An-Najah National University

2. Nursing today: The health science of caring 2.2.1 The nursing concept explored 2.2.2 Nursing theory 2.2.3 Relationship of theory, research, and practice 2.2.4 Nursing research for scientists and practitioners 2.2.5 Nursing as a profession

3. Objectives After completing this chapter, students will be able to: Recognize the concepts of nursing, human, or person,environment, and health as the subject mattercommon to all theories of nursing. Recognize several nurse-theorists who have contributed to developing conceptualframeworks for nursing. Florence Nightingale, Virginia Henderson, Myra E.Levine, Hildegard Peplau,Imogen M.King, Betty Neuman, Martha Rogers, Dorothea Orem,Sister Calista Roy, Jean Watson, Leninger Recognize the contribution of nursing theory and nursing research to the development of nursing as a profession.

4. Introduction The need of nursing is expanding The need of nursing is expanding Social need can create a window of opportunity to benefit both society and the professional group adressing the social need In the present nursing care crisis, society has made a case for an overall shortage of nurses and also for a deficit of advanced practitioners

5. Introduction The need of nursing is expanding The current demand is simultaneously for greater numbers and higher level of specialized practice Not only does society need expert technical nurses, but italso values appropriately prepared professional nurses who practice nursing as the health science of caring

6. The nursing concept explored Caring: to have thought or regard for as a person To give watchful or to advocate for الدعوة or assist when the individual is unable to tend to his or her own personal needs Caring is practice: parent to child, lover to lover, well to ill, fortunate to less fortunate, لحسن الحظ أقل حظا professional to client

7. The nursing concept explored Caring is the most intimate, tender, protective and growth producing of interpersonal interactions The difference between caring and caring as science, is real difference To call nursing the health science of caring is to value health and its promotion, to emphasize the science of nursing as well as the art & to acknowledge that caring is a prime interpersonal interaction open to study

8. The nursing concept explored Caring is interpersonal interaction that transcends time, gender and technology تجاوز الوقت، ونوع الجنس والتكنولوجيا Nursing as a health science of caring, is a service basic to society This service was born in the days of earliest humankind Read with students “ Page 40, A century after Nightingale, Verginia Henderson wrote

9. Nursing as a health science of caring 1980s men´s caring abilities finally received recognition and social approval This recognition and approval may encourage men to choose nursing in greater numbers The ANA 1980 defines nursing ( the diagnosis and treatment of human responses to actual or potential health problem) الفعلي أو المشاكل الصحية المحتملة

10. Health is a condition of the life cycle that is dynamic, adaptive, responsive to both internal and external stimuli and influenced by the behaviours of the person Health has wellness and illness components Health and illness often coexist in the same person The nurse shortage is coming to be described as a health hazard as well as a deficit in illness care

11. Nursing gains recognition as the health science of caring What was once referred to as nurses training is now called nursing education and takes place along with other higher education in colleges and universities Nursing theory and the scientific knowledge gained by research help nursing gain recognition as the health science of caring

12. Nursing Theory Nursing theory is the systematic abstraction or formation تجريد المنهجية أو تشكيل of mental ideas about nursing practice reality Its purpose is to describe, explain, predict and control nursing action to acheive certain nursing practice outcomes Theories interrelate concepts to provide new ways of looking at nursing care and improving nursing practice.

13. Theories assist in increasing the general body of knowledge within the discipline through the research implemented to validate them نظريات مساعد في زيادة الهيئة العامة للمعارف ضمن الانضباط من خلال البحوث المنفذة للتصديق عليها

14. Theories can be characterized according to their scope of focus A grand theory,of nursing would be very broad and ancompass supposedly everything a nurse needed to know A middle range theory, would be cencerned with a limited aspect of nursing for example, a nursing theoryof pain management Read with students page 42 and 43

15. Nursing theory and nursing research have as their purpose to suggest answers Description Exploration Explanation Prediction

16. Scientific theories are built on concepts Concept: nursing, person, health, environment A conceptual framework: a structure composed of concepts Theory: a group of concepts, definitions, statements that present an organized view of phenomena (caring)

17. Selected contributors to nursing´s theoretical knowledge Florance Nightingale Verginia Hendersson Myra e. Levin Hildegard Peplau Imogene M King Betty Neuman Martha Rogers Dorothea Orem Sister Callista Roy Jean Watson M.M.Leininger Helen Cook Erickson Evelyn Malcolm tomlin Marry Ann Price Swain