1. Thursday, April 21 st Big Idea: What role do chromosomes play in inheritance Daily target: I can describe how genetic diversity is done in sexual reproduction Homework: Ugly Baby Activity (4/22) Both Bookworks (4/22) Vocabulary: Haploid- having a single set of unpaired chromosomes. Diploid- containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent. Entry Task: What were all the stages of mitosis and describe what happens in each. Conclusion: How is Meiosis and Mitosis the same, how are they different? Plan for Today: Start Meiosis notes Amoeba Sisters Ugly Baby continued

2. Meiosis

3. Meiosis is a type of cell division which reduces the normal chromosome number to one half. A cell with half the number of chromosomes is called haploid. A cell with the full number of chromosomes is called diploid. A haploid reproductive cell is called a gamete. (sperm or egg) Vocabulary

4. For every chromosome in your body that came from your father, there is a similar chromosome that came from your mother. These are called homologous chromosome pairs.

5. Homologous chromosome pairs Chromosomes replicate into sister chromatids Chromosomes separate

6. Sister chromatids separate. Four haploid gametes are produced.

7. Asexual vs. Sexual Reproduction 7

8. Make a Venn Diagram 8 Asexual ReproductionSexual Reproduction Both Types of reproduction in living organisms Pass DNA from parent to offspring

9. Asexual Reproduction Requires only one parent Offspring have 100% the same chromosomes as the parent. In other words, the offspring are exact “clones” of the parent. Most unicellular organisms reproduce this way. Mitosis Movie 9

10. Asexual Reproduction Binary Fission Bacteria Protists 10 Binary fission is a form of asexual reproduction where every organelle is copied and the organism divides in two.

11. Asexual Reproduction Plant cuttings 11 Vegetative reproduction is a type of asexual reproduction in plants that relies on multi- cellular structures formed by the parent plant. It has long been exploited in horticulture and agriculture, with various methods employed to multiply stocks of plants.

12. Asexual Reproduction Budding Hydra Movie 12 Budding is a means of asexual reproduction whereby a new individual develops from an outgrowth of a parent, splits off, and lives independently.

13. Asexual Reproduction Fragmentation 13 Fragmentation is a means of asexual reproduction whereby a single parent breaks into parts that regenerate into whole new individuals.

14. Asexual Reproduction Regeneration 14 Regeneration occurs when a body part has broken off and the organism grows a new one.

15. Asexual Reproduction Examples of organisms that reproduce asexually Hydra Sea Star Strawberry Archaebacteria Eubacteria Euglena Paramecium Yeast 15

16. Sexual Reproduction Requires two parents that each share ½ of the genetic information. Offspring share the characteristics of each parent. Meiosis 16

17. Sexual Reproduction All the members of the Animal Kingdom Fish Mammals Amphibians Birds Reptiles Insects Crustaceans 17

18. Sexual Reproduction Plant Kingdom Flowers are the reproductive organs of plants. Some flowers have both male and female reproductive organs on the same flower. 18 Male flower Female flower

19. Sexual Reproduction Examples of organisms that reproduce sexually Chickens Iguanas Lobsters Sharks Humans Butterflies Sunflowers Roses 19

20. Sexual Reproduction Happens 2 ways Internally (inside) The egg is fertilized by sperm inside the female Mammals, birds, reptiles, insects, spiders Externally (outside) The egg is fertilized by sperm outside the female The female lays the eggs and then the male fertilizes them. Fish and some amphibians Plants and fungi (pollen and spores) 20

21. Sexual Reproduction Advantages 1. More Variation (more differences within a species) Due to there being two parents, each parent passes on their DNA. The new offspring becomes a combination of both parents. You have some characteristics of your mother AND your father.

22. 2.Species can evolve over time (due to there being so much variation) Due to organisms being slightly different, characteristics or features can be better than others. Organisms that have these features may get more food, find more mates, survive in harsher conditions. The weaker organisms die out leaving the stronger better suited organisms. Think about it…will a male white tail deer that is stronger with larger antlers get more mates or one that is weaker with small antlers? Would a snake that blends in with the environment avoid getting eaten or would one that is white so predators can see it? Advantages Bats wings have evolved over time

23. Advantages 3. New characteristics or traits may form (due to there being so much variation) This is a picture of a female and a male Frigate bird. The male has a large red pouch that he uses to attract mates. Back in the day, none of the males had a red pouch. Through a random mutation, one of the males was born with a small red pouch. The female birds found him attractive! Since he mated with more female birds than the others, this trait was passed on. Now ALL the male frigate birds have this red pouch. The ones that don’t have it didn’t get any mates and died off.

24. Sexual Reproduction Advantages 4. Less chance that diseases will be passed on Due to there being two parents, each parent contributes DNA. If one of the parents has a disease or disorder, it is more unlikely to be passed on due to their DNA combining with another’s. Keep in mind, we are talking about ALL organisms that reproduce sexually: plants and animals! Many plants and animals have SEVERAL offspring at once.

25. Sexual Reproduction Disadvantages 1. Only half of the population can reproduce Since only half of the population can reproduce, the other half depend on them to create offspring.

26. 2. It takes two organisms to create new offspring. A male and female must find each other. Within the wild this may be difficult. It requires energy to search for and find a mate. I’m lonely, so lonely...

27. 3. Courtship and having a baby requires a lot of energy In many cases, the male spends a great deal of energy trying to get the female to like him. This can even put the male into dangerous situations. The mom, while pregnant, requires more food and often can’t run/escape from predators as easily. This male bird is performing a dance to attract a mate. This female Hyena can’t run as fast now (big belly!) Ready? Imma ‘bout to twerk!