1. Visual Organization & Interpretation Unit 4 Module 19
AP Psychology

2. Perceptual Organization
Gestalt: an organized whole.
Gestalt psychologists emphasize humans’ tendencies to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes.
Things are not seen as sum of parts but immediately as wholes.

3. Gestalt Psychology Grouping: Grouping Principles: Proximity Similarity
Continuity
Closure
Connectedness

5. Proximity: tendency to group nearby figures together

6. Continuity: tendency to perceive continuous patterns

7. Closure: tendency to fill in the gaps in visual information.

8. Similarity: tendency to group figures that are similar

9. Connectedness: spots, lines and areas are seen as unit when connected

10. Figure Ground
Figure-Ground Relationship: tendency to organize information into objects (figure) that stand out from their background(ground)

11. Figure Ground Relationship

12. Depth Perception Depth Perception:
Visual Cliff: illustrated that crawling infants and newborns perceive depth.

13. Perception
Visual Capture: refers to the tendency for vision to dominate the other senses.

14. Illusionary Contours: We constantly filter information so it makes sense to us.

15. Types of Depth Perception
Binocular Cues:
Examples of Binocular Cues:
Retinal Disparity: idea that images of an object from the two eyes differ. The closer the object, the larger the difference (disparity.)
Convergence: extent to which the eyes converge inward when looking at an object that the brain keeps track of to measure distance.

16. Types of Depth Perception
Monocular Cues: distance cues that are available to either eye alone. Often used in art.
Examples of Monocular Cues
Relative size: smaller image is more distant
Interposition: closer object blocks distant object
Relative Clarity: hazy object seen as more distant
Texture: coarse=close; fine=distant

17. Types of Depth Perception
Examples of Monocular Cues Continued:
Relative Height: higher objects seen as more distant
Relative Motion: closer objects seem to move faster
Linear Perspective:
Relative Brightness:
Light and Shadow: nearby objects reflect more light to our eyes.

18. Monocular Cue?

19. Monocular Cue?

20. Monocular Cue?

21. What Cues Do You See?

22. How many Legs?

23. MOTION PERCEPTION
PHI PHENOMENON:

24. Stroboscopic movement
STROBOSCOPIC MOVEMENT Quick, successive, briefly flashed images as in animated cartoons->

25. Perceptual Constancy color shape size
Perceptual Constancy: perceiving objects as unchanging despite changes in retinal image
color
shape
size

26. Interplay Between Perceived Size and Distance
Using monocular cues for distance can often cause us to perceive incorrect information.

27. Muller-Lyer Illusion

28. INTERPRETATIONS
CRITICAL PERIOD IN PERCEPTUAL DEVELOPMENT: USE IT OR LOSE IT
COLOR AND FIGURE GROUND ARE ALL THAT SEEM TO BE INNATE.
Immanual Kant: Perceptual understanding comes from inborn ways of organizing sensory experiences. If there is not exposure, neural connections in the brain will NOT be formed.

29. Perceptual Adaptation
(vision) ability to adjust to an artificially displaced visual field
prism glasses

30. PERCEPTUAL ILLUSIONS
Definition: illusions help us understand the concepts involved in processing, organizing, and interpreting info from senses – example, visuals.
SAMPLES FOR YOUR VIEWING PLEASURE!