1. Grants 101: From Research Idea to Literature Review Jan Glover, MLS Mary Warner, MMSc, PA-C Yale School of Medicine

2. Webinar Overview Types of grant proposals Know the grant maker Finding an idea Constructing a research question Formulating a search strategy Database selection Evaluating search results

3. Types of Grant Proposals (RFPs) Funding for curriculum Development Support Research funding PAEA (2 cycles) NCCPA

4. PAEA Grant Proposals (RFPs) PAEA fall cycle Deadline August 1 PAEA/AAPA workforce grant cycle Deadline late February

5. Successful Grant Proposals Have: Clearly written rationale and methodology Used terminology similar to THE GUIDELINES FOR FUNDING in the RFP. Addressed topics that are of importance to the funding agency.

6. Know the Grant Maker Read the request for proposal many times. Review the grant maker’s Web site Determine the appropriateness of your idea Call the Program Manager with questions

8. Brainstorming for Ideas Journals Journal of Physician Assistant Education Academic Medicine Teaching and Learning in Medicine The Medical Teacher Reflect on your program’s experience Burning question from your clinical practice

9. Literature Review

10. Our Scenario As a Physician Assistant Program faculty member, you have been approached by the Curriculum Committee to study and evaluate the standardized patient program utilized by the school, especially its effectiveness in assessing clinical skills. You decide this might be the research project that you’ve been looking for…

11. Answerable Question PICO (plus T) model PPatient, problem, population IIntervention, prognostic factor, exposure CComparative intervention, comparison OOutcome TType of question, type of study

12. Answerable Question PICO (plus T) model PProblem IEducational intervention CComparative educational intervention OOutcome TType of study

13. Type of Question TherapyIs this intervention more effective than another Diagnostic testHow accurate is this diagnostic test PrognosisWhat is the likely outcome, progression or survival time for this condition Harm/etiologyWhat are the causes of this condition or state of affairs PreventionHow to reduce the risk of this disease Cost- effectiveness Is intervention x more cost-effective than intervention y Quality of lifeWhat will be the quality of life for the patient following this intervention, with this condition, etc.

14. Type of Study TherapyRCT (randomized controlled trial) Diagnostic testProspective, blind comparison to a gold standard PrognosisCohort study > case control > case series Harm/etiologyRCT > cohort study > case control > case series PreventionRCT > cohort study > case control Cost-effectivenessEconomic analysis Quality of lifeQualitative study

15. Our Question PICO (plus T) model PClinical skills assessment IUse of standardized patients CStandard educational methods OImprove the assessment of student clinical skills and improve students clinical skills TRCT, cohort study

16. Concept Table Standardized Patient(s) Clinical Skills Assessment PAEducational Method(s) Patient simulationClinical competencePhysician assistant(s) Adverse effects OSCEClinical skillsNursingEducational measurement Objective structured clinical examination Medical students[clinical trial] [cohort study]

17. Pyramid: Levels of Evidence Systematic Reviews Randomized Controlled Trials Cohort Studies Case-Controlled Studies Case Series / Reports Background Information / Expert Opinion Quality of Evidence

18. The Pyramid: Two Tiers Filtered Information Unfiltered Information More Work Less Work

19. The Pyramid: Two Tiers Systematic ReviewsMeta-analysis Critically Appraised Topics Critically Appraised Articles Case Control Studies Cohort Studies Case Reports Randomized Controlled Trials

20. The Pyramid: Resources Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Clinical EvidenceACP Journal Club National Guideline Clearinghouse bmjupdates Bandolier ACP’s PIER Original research found in MEDLINE, CINAHL & other databases “Evidence-Based …” Journal Series

21. Research Question Helps clarify and prioritize concepts Identifies information needed to answer question Helps in translating concepts into searchable terms Helps define and refine search strategy Helps identify the answer (if it exists) Makes search process efficient & effective

22. Let’s Try the Search!

23. Final Words Find your local medical librarian and establish a relationship! Librarians are just waiting help you… Next session…