1. Essential Question

2.  Summarize the works of Roman literary figures, historians, and philosophers.  Describe the art and architecture developed by the Romans.  Understand how the Romans applied science and mathematics for practical use.  Explain how Rome’s legal codes protected everyone in the empire.

3. Through war and conquest, Roman generals carried the achievements of Roman civilization to distant lands.  Yet the civilization that developed was NOT simply Roman.  It blended Greek, Hellenistic, and Roman achievements.

4. In early days, Roman culture was influenced by the Greek and Hellenistic (Persian Empire) cultures. Rome continued to borrow from Greek culture after it absorbed Greece into the Empire. Thus the name “Greco-Roman”…and were not just talking about wrestling!  Art  Literature  Philosophy  Science Horace “Greece has conquered her rude conqueror”.

5. His poem Aeneid (uhh-knee-id) tried to show Rome’s past was as heroic as that of Greece. How? Linked his work to Homer’s by explaining how Aeneas (uhh-knee-us) escaped Troy to found Rome. Purpose? Written after years of civil war, when Augustus came to power, in the hopes it would arouse patriotism and unite Rome.

6.  Used satire to make fun of Roman society.  Some were playful  Others were biting Make money, money by fair means if you can, if not, but any means money. - Horace

7. Livy (lee-vee)Tacitus (tah-sih-tus)  Sought to recount tales of Roman greats (Cincinnatus, etc) to restore Roman virtues.  What virtues?  Wrote bitterly about those he felt destroyed Roman liberty…the emperors. (remember…he is the man who believed Nero started the fire!) “There can never be a complete confidence in a power which is excessive” Tacitus “Rome would never have need of a dictator if she had such men in office, men so united in heart, as ready to obey as to command, and contributing glory to the common stock rather than drawing from it in their personal interests.” Livy

8. Romans used the application of science and mathematics to create useful structures and machines.  Roads  Bridges  Harbors  Aqueducts  Public baths  Where gossip and the latest news were shared.

9. Upper photo is an artists rendering of an ancient port. Lower photo is what remains of an ancient port.

10. The belief that the Earth is the center of the universe – Ptolemy (TOLL-uh-mee) Hellenistic mathematician and astronomer

11. Advanced medical science through experimentation that resulted in a conclusion He collected his work in an encyclopedia.

12.  Examples of expressive art, mosaics, sculpture as well as evidence of daily life were preserved in the ruins of Pompeii.

15. The area around the Bay of Naples was colonized by the Greeks as early as the 8th century BCE. Naples was called Neapolis meaning “new city” in Greek. By the second century BCE, the excellent climate, topography and spectacular views of the sea of the area attracted vacationing Romans — senators, other prominent citizens, and later the Imperial family. The Romans built lavish seaside retreats, called villas, along the bay in the shadow of the volcano where they could enjoy uninterrupted leisure, read and write, exercise, contemplate their gardens and the views, and engage in conversation with…

16. Pliny the Younger wrote letters describing the eruption of Mt. Vesuvius. (note to whom he is writing) Pliny & his mother witnessing the eruption

17.  Basic Principles Emerge  People are presumed innocent until proven guilty.  Accused allowed to face their accuser.  Evidence had to be “clearer than daylight” using solid evidence. (origins of “beyond a reasonable doubt”.  Judges expected to make fair decisions.  Law of nations  Civil law that applied to ALL people in the Empire, citizens and non-citizens.