1. UNIT V CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENTS
Selection of equipment for earth work
Earth moving operations
Types of earthwork equipment
Tractors
Motor graders
Scrapers
Front end waders
Earth movers
Equipment for foundation and pile driving.
Equipment for compaction
Batching and mixing and concreting
Equipment for material handling and erection of structures
Equipment for dredging, trenching, tunneling,

2. FACTORS AFFECTING SELECTION OF CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT
USE OF EQUIPMENT AVAILABLE WITH THE ORGANIZATION.
SUITABILITY FOR JOB CONDITION WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO CLIMATIC AND OPERATING CONDITIONS.
UNIFORMITY OF TYPE.
SIZE OF EQUIPMENT.
USE OF STANDARD EQUIPMENT.
COUNTRY OF ORIGIN.
UNIT COST OF PRODUCTION.
AVAILABILITY OF SPARE PARTS AND SELECTION OF MANUFACTURERS.
SUITABILITY OF LOCAL LABOUR FOR OPERATION.

3. CLASSIFICATION OF CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENTS
EARTH MOVING EQUIPMENT.
HAULING EQUIPMENT.
CONVEYING EQUIPMENT.
AGGREGATE AND CONCRETE PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT.
PILE DRIVING EQUIPMENT.
TUNNELING AND ROCK DRILLING EQUIPMENT.
PUMPING AND DEWATERING EQUIPMENT.

4. EARTH MOVING EQUIPMENTS
CLASSIFICATION:
EXCAVATING EQUIPMENT.
EXCAVATING AND EARTH MOVING EQUIPMENT.

5. EARTH EXCAVATION EQUIPMENTS
POWER SHOVEL.
BACK HOE.

6. POWER SHOVEL LONG-LASTING.
EXCAVATE ALL TYPES OF EARTH EXCEPT HARD ROCK.
TYPES:
WHEEL MOUNTED (HIGH SPEED).
CRAWLER MOUNTED (LOW SPEED).
BASIC PARTS:
*TRACK SYSTEM *CABIN
*CABLES *RACK & STICK
*BOOM FOOT PIN *SADDLE BLOCK
*BOOM POINT SHEAVE *BUCKET
OPERATION:
CABLE CONTROLLED.
APPLICATIONS:
CLOSE RANGE OF WORK.
VERY HARD MATERIALS, BIG SIZED BOULDERS.
FACTORS CONTROLLING OUTPUT:
*CLASS OF MATERIAL *DEPTH OF CUTTING
*ANGLE OF SWING *SKILL OF OPERATOR

7. POWER SHOVEL

8. BACK HOE ALSO TERMED AS HOE, BACK SHOVEL AND PULL SHOVEL.
USED TO EXCAVATE BELOW THE SURFACE OF EQUIPMENT-IT CAVES INTO THE GROUND.
BASIC PARTS:
*BOOM *JACK BOOM
*BOOM FOOT DRUM *BOOM SHEAVE
*STICK, BUCKET *BUCKET SHEAVE
OPERATION:
SIMILAR TO SHOVEL EXCEPT IT MAKES OUTWARD STROKES WHILE DIGGING.
APPLICATION:
TRENCHES, FOOTINGS, BASEMENTS.
TO TRIM THE SURFACE.

9. BACK HOE

10. EARTH MOVING EQUIPMENTS
MOTOR GRADERS.
CRANES.

11. MOTOR GRADERS THEY MAY BE EITHER TOWED OR MOTORISED.
USUALLY SELF PROPULSIVE.
CONSTRUCTION:
FRONT OF THE GRADER FRAME IS SUPPORTED ON A PAIR OF FRONT WHEELS & REAR ON TANDEM WHEELS.
CURVED BLADE IS SUPPORTED ON THE CIRCLE AND BE TURNED THROUGH 360 DEGREE.
BLADE HAS REPLACEBLE EDGES.
CUTTING DEPTH CMS.
SPEED
LIGHT DUTY KM/HR.
HEAVY DUTY KM/HR.
NORMAL DUTY KM/HR.
USES:
*GRAVEL ROAD REPAIRING *ROAD SHOULDER RESHAPING
*BANK CUTTING *DITCH FILLING
*BASE COURSE SPREADING *MATERIAL MIXING
*SNOW, LAND CLEARANCE *FROZEN TOP SOIL, ASPHALT BREAKING

12. MOTOR GRADERS

13. CRANES USED IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS, SHIPPING, INDUSTRIES ETC.
THEY MAY BE ELECTRICALLY OPERATED, DIESEL OPERATED OR DIESEL-ELECTRIC DRIVE.
CLASSIFICATION:
DERRICK CRANES.
MOBILE CRANES.
OVERHEAD OR GANTRY CRANES.
TRAVELLER CRANES.
TOWER CRANES.

14. DERRICK CRANES PARTS: MAST. BOOM. BULL WHEEL. TYPES: GUY-DERRICK.
STIFF LEG DERRICK.
OPERATION:
THE BOOM CAN REVOLVE THROUGH 360 DEGREE.
IT CAN CARRY LOADS UPTO 200 TONS.
WHEN THE LOAD IS LESS THAN 50 TONS GUY ROPES ARE REPLACED BY TRUSSED STRUCTURE.
STIFF LEG DERRICK CAN CARRY 7-50 TONS.
USES:
LOADING AND UNLOADING CARGOES AT PORTS.
TO HANDLE LOOSE MATERIALS LIKE SAND, BALLAST, COAL.
IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS, INDUSTRIAL, MULTISTOREYED BUILDING CONSTRUCTION.
PLANT ERRECTION.

15. DERRICK CRANE

16. MOBILE CRANE THEY ARE EITHER CRAWLER MOUNTED OR WHEEL MOUNTED.
CRAWLER MOUNTED ARE HIGHLY MANEOUVERABILE AND OPERATE ON UNMADE GROUND.
SUITABLE FOR ROUGH TERRAINS.
OPERATE IN A LIMITED AREA.
TRUCK MOUNTED CRANES HAVE HIGH MOBILITY.
SPEED
KM/HR.

17. MOBILE CRANE

18. OVER HEAD CRANES TRAVELLER CRANES TOWER CRANES
USED FOR HANDLING LOADS OVER A LONG RECTANGULAR AREA.
IT CONSISTS OF STRUCTURAL BRIDGE SUPPORT ON ELEVATED TRACTS AND SUPPORTING A LIFTING BLOCK.
TRAVELLER CRANES
THESE HAVE THEIR CRABS MOVING ON GIRDERS SUPPORTED ON LEGS.
TOWER CRANES
IT HAS A TRUSS STRUCTURE WELDED FROM ANGLE BARS AND CHANNELS.
LADDERS ARE PROVIDED FOR EASE.
THEY CAN BE ASSEMBLED AND DISMENTLED.

19. OVER HEAD CRANE

20. TOWER CRANE

21. EXCAVATING AND EARTH MOVING EQUIPMENT
SCRAPERS.
BULL DOZERS.
TRACTORS.

22. SCRAPERS COMPROMISE BETWEEN BEST LOADING AND BEST HAULING MACHINES.
UNIQUE FOR LONG DISTANCE HAULING
IT ITSELF DIGS, HAULS, DEPOSIT THE MATERIALS IN UNIFORM THICK LAYERS.
TYPES:
CRAWLER TRACTOR PULLED.
WHEEL TRACTOR PULLED.
BASIC PARTS:
BOWL, APRON, EJECTOR (TAIL GATE).
CAPACITY:
HEAPED CAPACITY OF THE BOWL.
OPERATION:
WHILE DIGGING CUTTING EDGE ENTERS THE GROUND BY LOWERING THE BOWL, THE FRONT APRON IS RAISED
EDGE IS RAISED, APRON IS LOWED WHILE HAULING.
WHILE DUMPING EJECTOR IS USED.

23. SCRAPERS

24. BULL DOZERS
VERSATILE EQUIPMENT- ESSENTIALLY A HEAVY STEEL BLADE MOUNTED ON THE FRONT OF TRACTOR.
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON:
POSITION OF BLADES - PERPENDICULAR BLADES.
- BLADES AT AN ANGLE.
MOUNTING WHEEL MOUNTED.
-CRAWLER MOUNTED.
CONTROL CABLE CONTROL.
-HYDRAULIC CONTROL.
CONSTRUCTION:
CONSIST OF HEAVY BLADE WITH CONCAVE PROFILE.
BLADE IS ATTACHED TO THE BODY WITH TWO ARMS, A SUPPORTING FRAME & HELD BY TWO PUSH ARMS
APPLICATION:
SPREADING EARTH FILL.
CLEARING, OPENING UP PILOT ROADS.
BACK FILLING TRENCHES.

25. BULL DOZER

26. TRACTORS
MULTI PURPOSE MACHINES MAINLY USED FOR PULLING AND PUSHING OTHER MACHINES FOR AGRICULTURAL PURPOSES.
TYPES:
WHEEL TYPE
CRAWLER TYPE

27. TRACTORS CRAWLER TYPE WHEELED TYPE SLOW SPEED CAN HANDLE HEAVY JOBS
COSTLY
REQUIRES SKILL TO OPERATE
STICK CONTROL FOR STEERING
ONLY ON ROUGH ROADS
GREATER SPEED
ONLY LIGHTER JOBS
CHEAPER
LESSER SKILL FOR OPERATION
WHEEL CONTROL FOR STEERING
ON ROUGH AS WELL AS GOOD ROADS

28. CRAWLER TRACTOR

29. WHEEL TRACTOR

30. EARTH COMPACTION EQUIPMENTS
SMOOTH – WHEEL ROLLERS
SHEEP – FOOT ROLLERS
PNEUMATIC TYRED ROLLERS

31. SMOOTH – WHEEL ROLLERS PLAIN STEEL ROLLERS
SELF – PROPELLED (5 TO 25 TONNES)
NO DEEP COMPACTION
REAR WHEELS ARE LARGER IN DIAMETER AND THE FRONT ONES ARE WIDER
DIESEL ENGINE TYPE
COMPACTION IS BY STATIC WEIGHT OF ROLLER
SUITABILITY:
GRANULAR SOILS
SAND
GRAVEL
CRUSHED STONES

32. SMOOTH WHEEL ROLLER

33. SHEEP – FOOT ROLLERS
*HOLLOW STEEL DRUM WITH PROJECTED FEET MOUNTED AT 100 TO 200 MMC/C *WEIGHT 15TONNES *SPEED 25KM/HR *COMPACTION IS BY KNEADING ACTION *IN CONVERTIBLE ROLLERS THE FOOT PLATE CAN BE REMOVED *IN TURN FOOT ROLLERS THE INDIVIDUAL SHEEP FOOT CAN BE CHANGED SUITABILITY: CLAY,PREDOMINANTLY COHESIVE AND IMPERVIOUS SOIL

34. SHEEP FOOT ROLLER

35. PNEUMATIC TYRED ROLLERS
*CONSISTS OF A BASE PLATFORM MOUNTED BETWEEN TWO AXLES *TRACKS OF THE REAR WHEEL LIE INBETWEEN THE TRACKS OF THE FRONT WHEEL *COMPACTION IS BY CONTROLLING THE GROUND CONTACT PRESSURE *WEIGHT OR WIDTH OF THE WHEEL CAN BE SUITABLY INCREASED SUITABILITY: FINE GRAINED AND WELL GRADED SANDS

36. PNEUMATIC TYRED ROLLER

37. MATERIAL HANDLING

38. HAULING , CONVEYING EQUIPMENTS
DUMP TRUCKS
DUMPERS
CONVEYORS

39. DUMP TRUCKS TYPES SIDE DUMP TRUCK BOTTOM DUMP TRUCKS SIDE DUMP TRUCK:
*DUMPING IS THROUGH THE SIDES OF THE TRUCK
*SUITABLE FOR HAULING WET CLAY, SAND, GRAVEL, QUARRY ROCKS.
BOTTOM DUMP TRUCKS:
*DUMPING IS BY OPENING THE BOTTOM OF THE TRUCK
*SUITABLE FOR FREE FLOWING MATERIALS SUCH AS SAND, GRAVEL, DRY EARTH, HARD CLAY.

40. SIDE DUMP TRUCK

41. BOTTOM DUMP TRUCK

42. DUMPERS *HIGH SPED PNEUMATIC WHEELED TRUCKS WITH SHORT CHASIS.
*SUITABLE FOR SHORT HAULS ON ROUGH ROADS AND SPECIALLY WHERE A SHUTTLE MOVEMENT IS REQUIRED

43. CONVEYORS *TRANSMITTING MATERIALS OVER A STATIONARY STRUCTURE
ADVANTAGES:
INCREASES OUTPUT
CONTINUITY IN OPERATION
TIME SAVING
TYPES:
BELT CONVEYOR
SCREW CONVEYOR
BUCKET CONVEYOR

44. BELT CONVEYOR *MOST POPULAR
* CONSISTS OF A BELT RUNNING OVER A PAIR OF END DRUMS SUPPORTED BY A SERIES OF ROLLERS CALLED IDLERS
*MIDDLE SAG IS PROVIDED TO PREVENT THE SPILLING OF MATERIALS
ADVANTAGES:
CAN HANDLE LIGHT,HEAVY, DRY, WET, SOFT, COARSE MATERIALS
HIGH SPEED
CARRIES HORIZONTALLY AND INCLINED
LIGHTER IN WEIGHT
CONTROLLED DISCHARG

45. BELT CONVEYOR

46. SCREW CONVEYOR
*USED FOR HANDLING GRANULAR OR PULVARISED MATERIALS *LOW COST *CONSISTS OF A HELIX MOUNTED ON A BEARING AT THE ENDS AND AT INTERMEDIATE POINTS *LENGTH IS 65M WITH AN INCLINATION UPTO 35 DEGREES

47. SCREW CONVEYOR

48. BUCKET CONVEYORS
*MATERIAL IS TRANSFERRED THROUGH A SERIES OF BUCKETS *LENGTH IS LIMITED TO 25M *WEIGHT DEPENDS UPON THE STRENGTH OF CHAINS *MAINLY USED FOR HANDLING COAL

49. BATCHING MIXING AND PLACING OF CONCRETE

50. BATCHERS
*PROPORTIONATING THE INGREDIENTS OF CONCRETE FOR A PARTICULAR MIX
*WEIGH BATCHING IS COMMONLY USED
TYPES:
MANUAL BATCHING
SEMI - AUTOMATIC BATCHING
AUTOMATIC BATCHING

51. CONCRETE BATCHER

52. CONCRETE MIXERS
*MIXING ALL THE INGREDIENTS OF CONCRETE TO MAKE A MIX OF SPECIFIED CONSISTENCY
FACTORS GOVERNING MIXING:
CORRECT SETTING OF MACHINE
PROPER CLEANING OF BLADES
SEQUENCE OF MATERIAL CHARGED
TIMELY SUPPLY OF WATER
DIRECTION OF IN - FLOW
SPEED AND TIME OF MIXING
TYPES:
DRUM TYPE MIXERS - *TILTING
*NON - TILTING
PAN TYPE MIXERS

53. CONCRETE MIXER

54. CONCRETE PLACERS
USUALLY DONE THROUGH BUCKETS CARRIED ON RAIL ROADS OR TRACKS
DUMP TRUCKS AND BELT CONVEYORS ARE ALSO USED
CABLE WAYS CAN BE USED OR THE HOISTING OF BUCKETS MAY BE DONE WITH THE HELP OF CRANES

55. CONCRETE PLACERS

56. PNEUMATIC CONCRETE PLACERS
CONCRETE PUMPS
THESE ARE HEAVY DIRECT PUMPS USED IN INACCESIBLE SITES SUCH AS TUNNELS, UNDERWATER, SUBWAYS
PUMPS CAN BE MOUNTED ON TRUCKS OR TRAILERS
PNEUMATIC CONCRETE PLACERS
IT CONSISTS OF A PRESSURE VESSEL OPEN AT THE TOP AND CONICAL AT THE BOTTOM
COMPRESSED AIR IS USED TO PUSH THE CONCRETE THROUGH PIPELINES

57. PILE DRIVING EQUIPMENT
PILE IS A STRUCTURAL MEMBER DRIVEN INTO THE GROUND FOR THE PURPOSE OF TRANSFERRING SURFACE LOADS
THEY ARE EFFECTIVE AT AN ECONOMICAL COST
TYPES:
PILE DRIVEN RIGS
- SKID MOUNTED
- CRANE MOUNTED
- FLOATING RIGS
2. PILE DRIVING HAMMERS

58. DREDGING EQUIPMENTS

59. DREDGERS
USED FOR EXCAVATION FROM RIVER BED, LAKE, SED FOR THE PURPOSE OF DEEPENING THEM
TYPES:
DIPPER DREDGER
LADDER DREDGER
SUCTION DREDGER

60. DREDGER

61. DIPPER DREDGER IT IS USUALY MOUNTED ON A FLOATING PLATFORM
THE BOOM CAN ROTATE THROUGH 180 DEGREES
PRODUCTION RATE - 50 CU M/HR
BUCKET SIZE CU M
DUMPING RANGE - 30 M
DEPTH TO 18 M

62. LADDER DREDGER IT IS EQUIPED WITH BUCKET ELEVATOR MOUNTED ON A BARGE
IT IS SUSPENDED ON A STEEL LADDER
SUITABLE FOR EXCAVATING SOFT GROUND, SAND OR GRAVEL
SUCTION DREDGER
SIMILAR IN OPERATION EXCEPT IT CONSISTS OF A PUMP EXCAVATOR MOUNTED ON A BARGE WITH SUCTION LINE,SUPPORTED ON A LADDER.

63. DRAG LINE
IT HAS A LIGHT CRANE BOOM AND THE BUCKET IS LOOSLY ATTACHED TO THE BOOM THROUGH CABLES
BASIC PARTS:
*BOOM *HOIST CABLE
*DRAG CABLE *DRAG CHAIN
*BUCKET
TYPES:
WHEEL MOUNTED
TRUCK MOUNTED
CRAWLER MOUNTED
OPERATION:
CABLE OPERATED
FACTORS AFFECTING OUTPUT:
*LENGTH OF BOOM *ANGLE OF SWING
*DEPTH OF CUT *SIZE OF UNIT

64. DRAG LINE

65. CALM SHELL THE BUCKET RESEMBLES TO A CALM WHICH IS LIKE SHELL – FISH
BASIC PARTS
*CLOSING LINE *HOIST LINE
*SHEAVES *BRACKETS
*SHELL *HINGE
OPERATION
BY MANIPULATING THE CABLES SUITABLY
USES
FOR CRUSHED STONES, GRAVEL, COAL
FOR VERTICAL LIFTING OF MATERIALS
FOR REMOVING MATERIALS FROM COFERDAMS, SEWER MANHOALS, WELL FOUNDATIONS.

66. CALM SHELL

67. TRENCHERS

68. WHEEL TRENCHERS
CONSISTS OF A PAIR OF CIRCULAR RIMS CONNECTED BY U SHAPED BUCKETS OR CUTTERS
SELF PROPELLED
THE EXCAVATING DEVICE IS CONNECTED TO A MEANS OF CONVEYING
WIDTH M
DEPTH - 3 M
OPERATION
CABLE DRIVE
USES
FOR LAYING
WATER, GAS, OIL PIPE LINES
TELEPHONE CABLES
DRINAGE
SEWERS

69. WHEEL TRENCHER

70. LADDER TYPE TRENCHERS
SIMILAR TO WHEEL TRENCHER EXCEPT BUCKETS ARE PROVIDED WITH CHAIN LINKS ON LADDER TYPE FRAME OR BOOM
ADVANTAGES:
FASTER AND CHEAPER
DIGS NECESSARY DEPTH
CONTINUOUS PROCESS

71. TUNNELING NEED FOR TUNNELLING FOR UNDERGROUND TRAFIC CONDUIT FOR WATER
ACCESS TO MINES
CONDUIT FOR UTILITY SERVICES
SUBWAYS,UNDERGROUND TRAFFIC

72. SHAPE OF TUNNELS CIRCULAR ELLIPTICAL SEMICIRCULAR ARCH CIRCULAR ARCH
HORSE – SHOE SHAPED

73. METHODS OF TUNNEL DRIVING
FULL FACE HEADING
HEADING AND BENCH METHOD
DRIFTS METHOD
PILOT TUNNEL METHOD

74. TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION SETTING UP AND DRILLING
LOADING THE HOLES WITH EXPLOSIVES AND FIRING
VENTILATING AND REMOVING DUST
LOADING AND HAULING THE MUCK
REMOVING GROUNDWATER IF NECESSARY
ERRECTION OF SUPPORTS
PLACINF REINFORCEMENTS
PLACING CONCRETE LINING
CURRING
SHUTTERING REMOVAL

75. MODERN TREND IN TUNNELING
THE MODERN TREND IS THE USE OF LASER
THESE ARE ACCURATE TO POSITION AND PROVIDE CORRECT DIRECTION
HELPS IN GUIDING THE MOLE IN CORRECT DIRECTION AS NOT IN CONVENTIONAL METHOD OF TUNNELING