1. GROUP FAHRENHEIT NUR HELYA IMAN KAMALUDIN NORAINI OTHMAN HANG MUN FOCK

2. TEMPERATURE Is commonly measured with liquid – in – glass thermometers, where in the liquid expands when heated. Is commonly measured with liquid – in – glass thermometers, where in the liquid expands when heated. There are 4 scale to measure temperature: There are 4 scale to measure temperature: Name Symbol Name Symbol a) Celcius º C b) Kelvin K c) Rankine R d) Fahrenheit F

3. Conversion Formula Conversion Formula 1) °C = (°F − 32) /1.8 1) °C = (°F − 32) /1.8 2) °C = K − 273.15 2) °C = K − 273.15 3) °F = 1.8 °C + 32 3) °F = 1.8 °C + 32 4) °F = °R − 459.67 4) °F = °R − 459.67 5) °R = K × 1.8 5) °R = K × 1.8

4.  For Celcius scale, the freezing point is 0 and boiling point is 100.  The temperature on the celcius scale are -273.15 degrees lower than on the Kelvin scale.Thus, the lower limit of the temperature, called absolute zero on Kelvin scale, occurs at -273.15 °C. -273.15 degrees lower than on the Kelvin scale.Thus, the lower limit of the temperature, called absolute zero on Kelvin scale, occurs at -273.15 °C.  For Fahrenheit, the lower limit of the temperature is -459.67 °F.  The freezing point is 32 °F and the boiling point water is 212 °F.

5. State And State Function  There are three properties of thermodynamics: a) Temperature b) Pressure c) Density  The fixing of these two properties will fixes all the other and thus determine its all the other and thus determine its thermodynamic state. thermodynamic state. Example, nitrogen gas at a temperature of 300K and a pressure of 105 kPa has a fixed specific volume or density and a fixed molar internal energy. Example, nitrogen gas at a temperature of 300K and a pressure of 105 kPa has a fixed specific volume or density and a fixed molar internal energy.

6. State function, or state quantity, is a property of a system that depends only on the current state of the system, not on the way in which the system got to that state. State function, or state quantity, is a property of a system that depends only on the current state of the system, not on the way in which the system got to that state. A state function describes the equilibrium state of a system. For example, internal energy, enthalpy and entropy are state quantities because they describe quantitatively an equilibrium state of thermodynamic systems. At the same time, mechanical work and heat are process quantities because they describe quantitatively the transition between equilibrium states of thermodynamic systems. A state function describes the equilibrium state of a system. For example, internal energy, enthalpy and entropy are state quantities because they describe quantitatively an equilibrium state of thermodynamic systems. At the same time, mechanical work and heat are process quantities because they describe quantitatively the transition between equilibrium states of thermodynamic systems.

7. The differential of a state function represents an infinitesimal change in its value integration of such a differential results in a finite difference between two of its values, exp : The differential of a state function represents an infinitesimal change in its value integration of such a differential results in a finite difference between two of its values, exp : and and

8. The differential of heat and work are net changes, but are infinitesimal amounts. When integrated, these differentials give net finite changes, but finite amounts. Thus: The differential of heat and work are net changes, but are infinitesimal amounts. When integrated, these differentials give net finite changes, but finite amounts. Thus: and and For a closed system undergoing the same change in a state by several processes show that amount of heat and work required differ for different processes, but that the sum Q + W is the same for all processes.