1. Government Engineering College, Bharuch Topic :- Governor Subject :- Theory of machine Guided by: Prof Prerna P.Shah Prerpared by :- Name Enrollment no Name Enrollment no Rathva Prakash D. 130140119087 Branch :- Mechanical Sem :- 5 th

2. Introduction  A governor is known as speed limiter device. speed limiter device.  The function of governor is to control the speed of an to control the speed of an engine within prescribed engine within prescribed limits due to variation of limits due to variation of loads on the engine over loads on the engine over period of time. period of time.

3. Types of governor Cenrifugal governor Pendulum type Loaded type Dead weight governor Porter governor Proell governor Spring controlled governor Hartnell governor Wilson- hartnell governor Hartung governor Pickering governor Inertia governor

4. Centrifugal governor A centrifugal governor is a specific type of governor that controls the speed of an engine by regulating the amount of fuel (or working fluid) admitted, so as to maintain a near-constant speed, irrespective of the load or fuel-supply conditions. A centrifugal governor is a specific type of governor that controls the speed of an engine by regulating the amount of fuel (or working fluid) admitted, so as to maintain a near-constant speed, irrespective of the load or fuel-supply conditions. Principal :- Principal :- The centrifugal governors are based on the balancing of centrifugal force on the rotating balls by an equal and opposite radial force, known as the controlling force. The centrifugal governors are based on the balancing of centrifugal force on the rotating balls by an equal and opposite radial force, known as the controlling force.

5. operation It consists of two balls of equal mass, which are attached to the arms as shown in Fig These balls are known as governor balls or fly balls. The balls revolve with spindle, which is driven by the engine through bevel gears. The upper ends of the arms are pivoted to the spindle, so that the balls may rise up or fall down as they revolve about the vertical axis. It consists of two balls of equal mass, which are attached to the arms as shown in Fig These balls are known as governor balls or fly balls. The balls revolve with spindle, which is driven by the engine through bevel gears. The upper ends of the arms are pivoted to the spindle, so that the balls may rise up or fall down as they revolve about the vertical axis.

6. The sleeve revolves with the spindle; but can slide up and down. The balls and the sleeve rises when the spindle speed increases, and falls when the speed decreases. In order to limit the travel of the sleeve in upward and downward directions, two stops S, S are provided on the spindle. The sleeve revolves with the spindle; but can slide up and down. The balls and the sleeve rises when the spindle speed increases, and falls when the speed decreases. In order to limit the travel of the sleeve in upward and downward directions, two stops S, S are provided on the spindle. The sleeve is connected by a bell crank lever to a throttle valve. The supply of the working fluid decreases when the sleeve rises and increases when it falls. The sleeve is connected by a bell crank lever to a throttle valve. The supply of the working fluid decreases when the sleeve rises and increases when it falls. When the load on the engine increases, the engine and the governor speed decreases. This results in the decrease of centrifugal force on the balls. Hence the balls move inwards and the sleeve moves downwards. When the load on the engine increases, the engine and the governor speed decreases. This results in the decrease of centrifugal force on the balls. Hence the balls move inwards and the sleeve moves downwards. The downward movement of the sleeve operates a throttle valve at the other end of the bell crank lever to increase the supply of working fluid and thus the engine speed is increased. The downward movement of the sleeve operates a throttle valve at the other end of the bell crank lever to increase the supply of working fluid and thus the engine speed is increased. Hence, the extra power output is provided to balance the increased load. When the load on the engine decreases, the engine and the governor speed increases, which results in the increase of centrifugal force on the balls. Hence, the extra power output is provided to balance the increased load. When the load on the engine decreases, the engine and the governor speed increases, which results in the increase of centrifugal force on the balls. Thus the balls move outwards and the sleeve rises upwards. This upward movement of the sleeve reduces the supply of the working fluid Thus the balls move outwards and the sleeve rises upwards. This upward movement of the sleeve reduces the supply of the working fluid

7. INERTIA GOVERNOR Inertia Governors work on a different principle. The governor balls are arranged so that the inertia forces caused by angular acceleration or retardation of the governor shaft tend to alter their positions. The amount of the displacement of the balls is controlled by springs and the governor mechanism to alter the supply of energy to the engine. Inertia Governors work on a different principle. The governor balls are arranged so that the inertia forces caused by angular acceleration or retardation of the governor shaft tend to alter their positions. The amount of the displacement of the balls is controlled by springs and the governor mechanism to alter the supply of energy to the engine.

8. The advantage of this type of Governor is that the positions of the balls are affected by the rate of change of speed of the governor shaft. The advantage of this type of Governor is that the positions of the balls are affected by the rate of change of speed of the governor shaft. Consequently, a more rapid response to a change of load is obtained, since the action of the governor is due to acceleration and not to a finite change of speed. Consequently, a more rapid response to a change of load is obtained, since the action of the governor is due to acceleration and not to a finite change of speed. The advantage is offset however by the practical difficulty of arranging for a complete balance of the revolving parts of the governor. For this reason centrifugal governors are much more frequently used. The advantage is offset however by the practical difficulty of arranging for a complete balance of the revolving parts of the governor. For this reason centrifugal governors are much more frequently used.

9. Watt governor The simplest form of a centrifugal governor is a Watt governor, as shown in Figure basically a conical pendulum with links attached to a sleeve of negligible mass. The simplest form of a centrifugal governor is a Watt governor, as shown in Figure basically a conical pendulum with links attached to a sleeve of negligible mass.

10. Limitation One can see from the above expression that the height of a governor h is inversely proportional to N2. Therefore at high speeds, the value of h is small. One can see from the above expression that the height of a governor h is inversely proportional to N2. Therefore at high speeds, the value of h is small. At such speeds, the change in the value of h corresponding to a small change in speed is insufficient to enable a governor of this type to operate the mechanism to give the necessary change in the fuel supply. At such speeds, the change in the value of h corresponding to a small change in speed is insufficient to enable a governor of this type to operate the mechanism to give the necessary change in the fuel supply. This type governor may only work satisfactorily at relatively low speeds i.e. from 60 to 80 r.p.m. This type governor may only work satisfactorily at relatively low speeds i.e. from 60 to 80 r.p.m.

11. Porter governor The Porter governor is a modification of a Watt’s governor, with central load attached to the sleeve. The Porter governor is a modification of a Watt’s governor, with central load attached to the sleeve. A pendulum type governor in which, usually the ends of two arms are pivoted to the spindle and sleeve, and carry heavy balls at their pivoted joints. The sleeve carries an additional weight. A pendulum type governor in which, usually the ends of two arms are pivoted to the spindle and sleeve, and carry heavy balls at their pivoted joints. The sleeve carries an additional weight.

12. Proell governor The Proell governor has the balls fixed at B and C to the extension of the links DF and EG as shown in Fig. The arms FP and GQ are pivoted at P and Q respectively. The Proell governor has the balls fixed at B and C to the extension of the links DF and EG as shown in Fig. The arms FP and GQ are pivoted at P and Q respectively. By this change, it requires fly ball of less mass for same action. By this change, it requires fly ball of less mass for same action. The central load moves up and down on the central spindle. This additional downward force increases the speed of revolution The central load moves up and down on the central spindle. This additional downward force increases the speed of revolution which is required to enable the balls to move to any pre determined level. which is required to enable the balls to move to any pre determined level.

13. Hartnell governor A Hartnell governor is a spring loaded governor as shown in fig. It consists of two bell crank levers pivoted at the points to the frame. A Hartnell governor is a spring loaded governor as shown in fig. It consists of two bell crank levers pivoted at the points to the frame. The frame is attached to the governor spindle and therefore rotates with it. Each lever carries a ball at the end of the vertical arm and a roller at the end of the horizontal arm. The frame is attached to the governor spindle and therefore rotates with it. Each lever carries a ball at the end of the vertical arm and a roller at the end of the horizontal arm. A helical spring in compression provides equal downward forces on the two rollers through a collar on the sleeve. The spring force may be adjusted by screwing a nut up or down on the sleeve. A helical spring in compression provides equal downward forces on the two rollers through a collar on the sleeve. The spring force may be adjusted by screwing a nut up or down on the sleeve.

14. Hartung governor Here vertical arms of bell crank lever is attached with spring ball which compress against the frame of governor. Here vertical arms of bell crank lever is attached with spring ball which compress against the frame of governor. This additional force against the centrifugal force increases the speed of revolution which is required to enable the balls to move to any pre determined level. This additional force against the centrifugal force increases the speed of revolution which is required to enable the balls to move to any pre determined level.

15. Wilson-Hartnell governor In Wilson Hatnell governor balls are connected by a spring in tension. An auxiliary spring is attached to the sleeve mechanism through a lever by means of which the equilibrium speed for a given radius may be adjusted. In Wilson Hatnell governor balls are connected by a spring in tension. An auxiliary spring is attached to the sleeve mechanism through a lever by means of which the equilibrium speed for a given radius may be adjusted. The main spring may be considered of two equal parts each belonging to both the balls. The main spring may be considered of two equal parts each belonging to both the balls.

16. Pickering Governor A Pickering governor is mostly used for driving gramophone. It consists of *three straight leaf springs arranged at equal angular intervals round the spindle. A Pickering governor is mostly used for driving gramophone. It consists of *three straight leaf springs arranged at equal angular intervals round the spindle. Each spring carries a weight at the centre. The weights move outwards and the springs bend as they rotate about the spindle axis with increasing speed. Each spring carries a weight at the centre. The weights move outwards and the springs bend as they rotate about the spindle axis with increasing speed.

17. Performance characteristics of governors Sensitiveness of governor Sensitiveness of governor Consider two governors A and B running at the same speed. When this speed increases or decreases by a certain amount, the lift of the sleeve of governor A is greater than the lift of the sleeve of governor B. It is then said that the governor is more sensitive than the governor B. Consider two governors A and B running at the same speed. When this speed increases or decreases by a certain amount, the lift of the sleeve of governor A is greater than the lift of the sleeve of governor B. It is then said that the governor is more sensitive than the governor B. In general, the greater the lift of the sleeve corresponding to a given fractional change in speed, the greater is the sensitiveness of the governor. In general, the greater the lift of the sleeve corresponding to a given fractional change in speed, the greater is the sensitiveness of the governor. The sensitiveness is defined as the ratio of the difference between the maximum and minimum equilibrium speeds to the mean equilibrium speed. The sensitiveness is defined as the ratio of the difference between the maximum and minimum equilibrium speeds to the mean equilibrium speed. Sensitiveness of governor = (N2- N1) / N Sensitiveness of governor = (N2- N1) / N

18. Stability of governor :- Stability of governor :- A governor is said to be stable when for every speed with in the working range there is a definite configuration i.e. there is only one radius of rotation of the governor balls at which the governor is in equilibrium. A governor is said to be stable when for every speed with in the working range there is a definite configuration i.e. there is only one radius of rotation of the governor balls at which the governor is in equilibrium. For a stable governor, if the equilibrium speed increases, the radius of governor balls must also increase. For a stable governor, if the equilibrium speed increases, the radius of governor balls must also increase. Hunting of governor :- Hunting of governor :- A governor is said to be hunt if speed of the engine fluctuates continuously above and below mean speed. A governor is said to be hunt if speed of the engine fluctuates continuously above and below mean speed. This is caused by too sanative governor which changes the fuel supply by large amount when a small changes in speed of rotation. This is caused by too sanative governor which changes the fuel supply by large amount when a small changes in speed of rotation.

19. Effort and Power of a Governor Effort and Power of a Governor The effort of a governor is the mean force exerted at the sleeve for a given percentage change of speed (or lift of the sleeve). The effort of a governor is the mean force exerted at the sleeve for a given percentage change of speed (or lift of the sleeve). It may be noted that when the governor is running steadily, there is no force at the sleeve. But, when the speed changes, there is a resistance at the sleeve which opposes its motion. It may be noted that when the governor is running steadily, there is no force at the sleeve. But, when the speed changes, there is a resistance at the sleeve which opposes its motion. It is assumed that this resistance which is equal to the effort, varies uniformly from a maximum value to zero while the governor moves into its new position of equilibrium. It is assumed that this resistance which is equal to the effort, varies uniformly from a maximum value to zero while the governor moves into its new position of equilibrium. The power of a governor is the work done at the sleeve for a given percentage change of The power of a governor is the work done at the sleeve for a given percentage change of speed. It is the product of the mean value of the effort and the distance through which the sleeve speed. It is the product of the mean value of the effort and the distance through which the sleeve moves. Mathematically, moves. Mathematically, Power = Mean effort × lift of sleeve Power = Mean effort × lift of sleeve

20. Isochronous Governor Isochronous Governor A governor is said to be Isochronous when equilibrium speed is constant for all radii of rotation of the fly balls with in the working range by neglecting friction. A governor is said to be Isochronous when equilibrium speed is constant for all radii of rotation of the fly balls with in the working range by neglecting friction. The isochronism is the stage of infinite sensitivity. The isochronism is the stage of infinite sensitivity. Note:-The isochronous governor is not of practical use because the sleeve will move to one of its extreme positions immediately the speed deviates from the isochronous speed. Note:-The isochronous governor is not of practical use because the sleeve will move to one of its extreme positions immediately the speed deviates from the isochronous speed. Controlling force Controlling force We have seen earlier that when a body rotates in a circular path, there is an inward radial force or centripetal force acting on it. We have seen earlier that when a body rotates in a circular path, there is an inward radial force or centripetal force acting on it. In case of a governor running at a steady speed, the inward force acting on the rotating balls is known as controlling force. It is equal and opposite to the centrifugal reaction. In case of a governor running at a steady speed, the inward force acting on the rotating balls is known as controlling force. It is equal and opposite to the centrifugal reaction. ∴ Controlling force, Fc = m.ω².r ∴ Controlling force, Fc = m.ω².r

21. Controlling force diagram

22. Referances Book :- khurmi and Techmax Google ; Wekipedia ; PDF :- Governor student ; Grab-cad website