1. Adjective

2. Contents Adjective Kinds of Adjectives Formation of Adjectives
Comparison of Adjectives
Formation of Comparative and Superlative
Interchange of the Degrees of Comparison
Position of Adjectives
The correct use of Adjectives

3. A word used with a noun to describe or point out
Or to tell the number, quantity or quality, is called an Adjective.
Person
Things
Animal

4. She is wearing a shiny blue track suit
ADJECTIVES
NOUN

5. What is the adjective used in the sentence?
It’s a bright sunny day.
ADJECTIVES
What is the adjective used in the sentence?

6. Adjective also ask the questions:
WHAT KIND?
Iqra is a clever girl.
WHICH ONE?
I like that boy.
HOW MANY?
She gave me five mangoes.
HOW MUCH?
He has little intelligence.

7. What kind?
Today is a warm day with hundreds of birds chirping in the clear blue sky.
How many?
What kind?

8. Adjectives are used in two ways:
Attributively
Predicatively
Example:
The lazy boy was punished.
The adjective is used with the noun as an epithet or attribute.
Example:
The boy is lazy.
The adjective is used with the verb, and forms part of the predicate.
Note

9. Kinds of adjectives Adjectives of Quality (Descriptive Adjectives)
Adjectives of Quantity
Adjectives of Number
Demonstrative Adjectives
Interrogative Adjectives
Emphasizing Adjectives
Exclamatory Adjectives

10. It shows the kind or quality of noun. He is an honest man.
This is a grammar of English* language.
* Adjectives formed from proper nouns e.g.,(Turkish tobacco, French wines, Indian tea.) are sometimes called Proper Adjectives.
Example

11. It shows how much of a thing is meant. He showed much patience.
You have no sense.
He has lost all his wealth.
Adjectives of quantity answer the question : How much?
Example

12. Example Numeral Adjectives show how many persons or things are meant.
The hand has five fingers.
Most boys like cricket.
Numeral adjectives are of three kinds;
Definite Numeral adjectives Denote exact number
Indefinite Numeral adjectives Don’t denote exact number (all, any)
Distributive Numeral adjectives Refer to each one of a number.
Example:
1.Every word of it is true.
2.Pakistan expects every man to do his duty.
Example
Cardinals, Ordinals

13. Points out which person or thing is meant.
These mangoes are sour.
I hate such things.
Don’t be in such a hurry.
Demonstrative adjectives answer the question: which?
Example

14. What, which, and whose, when they are used with nouns to ask questions, are called interrogative adjectives.
What manner of man is he?
Which way shall we go?
Whose book is this?
Example

15. In the following sentences own and very is used as emphasizing adjectives:
I saw it with my own eyes.
Mind your own business.
That is the very thing we want.
Example

16. The word what is sometimes used as an Exclamatory Adjectives.
What an idea!
What a blessing!
What genius!
Example

17. One should not use too many adjectives in the sentences:
Example x
The fierce ugly old brown tiger.

18. To make a perfect sentence one should follow the following order:
SIZE
TEXTURE
COLOR
TYPE

19. The big shiny yellow beach ball.
The yellow big beach shiny ball. x
The big shiny yellow beach ball.

20. Formation of Adjectives
Many adjectives are formed from noun.
Some adjectives are formed from verbs.
cont.…
Noun
Adjectives
Boy
Boyish
Fool
Foolish
Dirt
Dirty
verb
Adjectives
Talk
Talkative
Move
Moveable
tire
tireless

21. Formation of Adjectives
Some adjectives are formed from adjectives.
Adjective
Tragic
Tragical
Black
Blackish
Sick
Three
white
Sickly
Threefold
whitish

22. Degrees of comparison Positive Degree: Comparative Degree:
There are three degrees of comparison.
Positive Degree:
The positive degree of some adjective is the adjective in its simple form. It denotes the mere existence of some quality.
Ex. Ayesha’s mango is sweet.
Comparative Degree:
It denotes higher a degree of the quality than the positive, and is used when two things are compared.
Ex. Iqra’s mango is sweeter than Ayesha’s.
No comparison

23. 3. Superlative Degree
It denotes the highest degree of quality, and is used when more than two things are compared.
Ex. Fozia’s mango is sweetest of all.
Note
The superlative with most is sometimes used where is no comparison, but merely to indicate the possession of a quality in a very high degree; as
This is most unfortunate.
This usage is called the Superlative of Eminence, or the Absolute Superlative.

24. Formation of Comparative and Superlative
1. Most Adjectives of one syllable, and some of more than one, form the comparative by adding “er” and the superlative by adding “est” to the positive.
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
Small
smaller
smallest
Kind
kinder
kindest
great
greater
greatest
bold
bolder
boldest

25. When the positive ends in “e” only “r” or “est” are added.
When the positive ends in “y”, preceded by a consonant, the “y” is changed into “I” before adding “er” or “est”.
When the positive ends in a single consonant, preceded by a sort vowel, this consonant is doubled before adding “er” or “est”.
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
Brave
fine
braver
finer
Bravest
finest
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
Happy
happier
Happiest
easy
easier
easiest
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
Red
Redder
Reddest
Big
Bigger
Biggest

26. When some word or phrase is joined to the adjective to explain its meaning, the adjective is placed after its noun; as
He was a man fertile in resource.
In certain phrases the adjectives always comes after the noun; as
God almighty, Time immemorial, lord paramount, letters patent, Knights temporal etc.

27. Iron is more useful than any other metal.
2.Adjectives of more than two syllables form the comparative and the superlative by putting more and most before the positive. 3. When two objects are compared with each other, the latter term of comparison must exclude the former; as
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
Beautiful
More Beautiful
Most Beautiful
Difficult
More Difficult
Most Difficult
Iron is more useful than any other metal.

28. Assignment: Are you a dog lover? Say something about these dogs.
Compare the two dogs. Use adjectives in describing each.

29. Which is which? Describe each dog and compare one from another.
Which of it do you want to be your pet? Why?

30. Interchange of the Degrees of Comparison:
It is possible to change the degree of comparison of an adjective in a sentence, without changing the meaning of the sentence:
Positive He is as wise as Solomon.
Comparative Solomon was not wiser than he is.
Positive Some poets are at least as great as Tennyson.
Comparative Tennyson is not greater than some other poets.
Superlative Tennyson is not greatest of all poets.

31. Position of Adjectives
An adjective used attributively is generally placed before the noun; as
O captain! My captain! Our fearful trip is done.
In poetry , it is frequently placed after the noun; as
Children dear, was it yesterday?
we heard the sweet bells over the bay.
O man with sisters dear!

32. The correct use of Adjectives
Some, any __ some is used in affirmative sentences, any is used in negative or interrogative sentences.
I will buy some mangoes.
I will not buy any mangoes.
Have you bought any mangoes?
But any can be used after if in affirmative sentences:
If you need any money I will help you.
Some is used in questions which really offers/requests or expect the answer “yes”.
Will you have some ice-cream? (offer)
Could you lend me some money? (request)
Note

33. Little, a little, the little:
Little= not much (i.e., hardly any) negative meaning
A little= some though not much Positive meaning
The little= not much , but all there is.
He showed little concern for his nephew.
There is a little hope of recovery.
The little information we had was not quite reliable.
Example