1. Renaissance Humanism is primarily defined as a. a curriculum based on the study of the classics, rhetoric and history b. an antireligious program dedicated to the destruction of the Church c. an artistic style that portrayed the depraved state of human beings d. a philosophical movement that emphasized the beauty of nature e. a religious movement that attempted to make Christianity relevant to daily experience

2. Which of the following best characterizes eighteenth century France just prior to the Revolution of 1789? a. the economic status of the peasantry was improving dramatically b. The aristocracy’s power had eroded completely. c. The privileges of the clergy were declining d. The French monarchy was experiencing a deepening financial crisis The participation of the bourgeoisie in legislative affairs was increasing dramatically.

3. Guilds During the Middle Ages, craftsmen, artisans and merchants formed organizations that regulated most aspects of its members' businesses. Guilds dictated the requirements for membership and controlled the training of apprentices as well as the quality and price of services or merchandise offered by its members. Non-members were forbidden to practice their crafts and preferential treatment was often afforded to guild members. By the end of the Middle Ages, guilds became extremely powerful, influencing the economic and political life of towns throughout Europe as well as international trade. They often had their own patron saint and staged elaborate processions that both honoured their patrons and provided a form of medieval advertising. Guild halls were often the political centre of towns and, at times, the statutes of guilds were adopted by the town as civic statutes.

4. Industrial Revolution The Victorian Age

5. 1837 Victoria becomes queen at 18

6. 1839 William Henry Fox Talbot Prints his first photographs

7. 1840 World’s first sticky postage stamp goes on sale

8. 1842 Report reveals half of all children die before age five

9. 1845 Potato Famine in Ireland

10. 1846 40,000 people reported living in cramped Liverpool cellars

11. 1849 2,000 people die per week from a cholera epidemic

12. 1851 The Great Exhibition (of British industry) at the Crystal Palace

13. 1852 First men’s flushing public toilet opens in London!!

14. 1854 Britain fights Russia in the Crimean War

15. 1857 Sepoy Rebellion: Indians massacre British rulers (and vice-versa)

16. 1858 Telegraph cable laid from Britain to America (breaks 28 days later)

17. 1861 Prince Albert dies and Queen Victoria goes into mourning (forever)

18. 1868 Dr. Joseph Lister uses Phenol (disinfectant). Deaths from surgery plunge from 45% to 15%

19. 1870 Charles Dickens dies (rich).

20. 1870 Education Act: School for everyone (costs a penny a day)

21. 1871 Queen Victoria opens the Albert Hall

22. 1874 Mr. Boot opens a chemist’s shop (drug store)

23. 1883 First electric railway

24. 1883 Treasure Island written by Robert Louis Stevenson

25. 1887 First Sherlock Holmes story published

26. 1888 Jack the Ripper strikes in London and is never caught

27. 1891 Free education for every child

28. 1896 First moving pictures seen in public “The Boxing Kangaroo”

29. 1901 Queen Victoria dies aged 81