1. Bilingualism, Code-Switching, Code Mixing, Pidgin, Creole Widhiyanto 1Subject: Topics in Applied Linguistics

2. A bilingual person is someone who speaks two languages. A person who speaks more than two languages is called 'multilingual' (although the term 'bilingualism' can be used for both situations). Multilingualism isn't unusual; in fact, it's the norm for most of the world's societies. It's possible for a person to know and use three, four, or even more languages fluently.

3. Code-switching is a term in linguistics referring to using more than one language or dialect in conversation. Bilinguals, who can speak at least two languages fluently, have the ability to use elements of both languages when conversing with another bilingual. What is said is syntactically and phonologically appropriate; that means that even if words from another language are included into the sentence, they will be adapted to the grammatical rules of the first language. Code-switching can occur between sentences (inter sentential) or within a single sentence (intrasentential). Code-switching is now considered to be a normal and natural product of interaction between the bilingual (or multilingual) speaker's languages.linguisticssentences bilingualmultilingual

4. Code-mixing refers to the mixing of two or more languages or language varieties in speech[1]. Some scholars use the terms "code- mixing" and "code-switching" interchangeably, especially in studies of syntax, morphology, and other formal aspects of language.[2][3] Others assume more specific definitions of code-mixing, but these specific definitions may be different in different subfields of linguistics, education theory, communications etc.language varieties[1]code-switchingsyntaxmorphologyformal[2][3]linguisticseducation theory communications Code-mixing is similar to the use or creation of pidgins; but while a pidgin is created across groups that do not share a common language, code-mixing may occur within a multilingual setting where speakers share more than one language.pidgins multilingual

5. A pidgin language is a simplified language that develops as a means of communication between two or more groups that do not have a language in common, in situations such as trade, or where both groups speak languages different from the language of the country in which they reside (but there is no common language between the groups). A "pidgin" language is, fundamentally, a simplified means of linguistic communication, as is constructed impromptu, or by convention, between groups of people. A "pidgin" language is not the native language of any speech community, but is instead learned as a second language.[1][2] A "pidgin" language may be built from words, sounds, or body language from multiple other languages and cultures. "Pidgin" languages usually have low prestige with respect to other languages.[3]trade[1][2]prestige[3] Not all simplified or "broken" forms of a language (patois) are "pidgin". Each "pidgin" language has its own norms of usage which must be learned to speak the "pidgin" language well.patois

6. A creole language is a stable language that has originated from a pidgin language that has been nativized (that is, taught to children). The vocabulary of a creole language consists of cognates from the parent languages, though there are often clear phonetic and semantic shifts. On the other hand, the grammar often has original features but may differ substantially from those of the parent languages.language pidgin