1. Enzymes 1 specific 2 carbohydrates 3 starch 4 protease 5 break down
substrate
products
Enzymes are 1……….. to one reaction.
Carbohydrase enzyme breaks down 2……………………
Amylase is a carbohydrase which breaks down 3……………….
4…………….. enzymes break down proteins.
Lipase enzymes 5………………….. fats.
2 carbohydrates
3 starch
4 protease
5 break down
1 specific
AQA B2.6

2. Enzymes are specific 2 1 4 3 5 Enzymes have an active site .
Ch3
Enzymes are specific 2 1 4 3 5
Enzymes have an active site .
Substrate fits into the active site.
Substrate
Substrate in the active site.
Enzyme releases the product.
AQA B2.6

3. Catalase water + 1 cells 2 oxygen 3 cut 4 volume/time 5 cm3/min
Enzymes
Ch3
Catalase
catalase
hydrogen peroxide
water +
oxygen
Hydrogen peroxide is a poison created inside 1………….
We can follow how quickly catalase reacts by timing the collection of 2………………..
Catalase is found in many types of cell.
Catalase is released from the 3………. cells on the surface of a potato slice.
Rate of reaction = 4…………….
Rate of reaction is measured in 5…………..
2 oxygen
3 cut
4 volume/time
5 cm3/min
1 cells
AQA B2.6

4. Amylase amylase starch sugar
Enzymes
Ch3
Amylase
amylase
starch
sugar
Iodine solution turns ….. - ……… with starch.
Amylase enzyme digests starch into ………
Amylase is found in ……….
Amylase is ………. to starch.
Carbohydrases break down …………………
Proteases break down …………
……… break down fats.
blue
…....
……..
……….
Amylase
………..
carbohydrates.
AQA B2.6

5. Enzymes and temperature
Ch3
Enzymes and temperature
higher temperature:………………. rate
enzyme starting to ……………
……………... temperature
AQA B2.6

6. Enzymes and temperature
Ch3
Enzymes and temperature
Higher temperature: faster rate
At a higher temperature the enzyme and substrate 1………. have more energy, so move faster and 2……… with more energy. There is an increased chance of a successful combination at the 3…….. site.
Optimum
This is the enzyme’s fastest 4……. …. ……... In mammals the enzyme optimum is usually about 5…… temperature.
Denatured
Above the optimum temperature the enzyme starts to lose its 6…….. and so the active site does not 7.. the substrate properly.
Beware
Some amylase made from bacteria still works at over 60° C. …
………
……..
rate of reaction. ……
…….. …
AQA B2.6

7. At the optimum pH the 4…… ……. is the best fit for the 5…………….
Enzymes
Ch3
Enzymes and pH
pH too 2……..:
enzyme denaturing
……:
pH too low:
enzyme 1…………… 6 5
…………… 4
3…………
……………
rate 3 2
At the optimum pH the 4…… ……. is the best fit for the 5…………….
………….
……………. 1 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 pH
AQA B2.6

8. Enzymes
Ch3
Enzymes as builders
Digestive enzymes are breakers. They break large molecules like 1…….. into small molecules like 2………… .
Many cell enzymes are builders. They turn 3…… sugar molecules into 4…… molecules like starch or cellulose.
Potato plant leaves make sugar by 5………….…….
Potato cells need building enzymes because 6………….
starch
…………...
…….
…….
………………....
they make starch in the cells for ………...
AQA B2.6

9. Enzymes
Ch3
Immobilised enzymes
Industrial enzymes are immobilised by 1…….. them into small resin beads.
The enzymes are kept 2………… from the product.
The enzymes are 3….. likely to denature.
The large substrate molecule is poured in the 4…… of the column.
The small 5……… molecule runs out of the bottom.
fixing
separate
less
top
product
AQA B2.6

10. Enzymes
Ch3
Enzymes in industry
Breaker enzymes are used in 1…………. washing powders.
These contain digestive 2………… and lipases to remove biological stains from clothes.
The washing machine runs at 40°C which is the enzymes’ 3……….. Temperature.
Cider makers use 4………… to help release as much juice from the apples as possible.
biological
………….
…………
………….
AQA B2.6

11. Releasing and using energy
Enzymes
Ch5
Releasing and using energy
Cells release energy from sugars by ………………….
glucose +
oxygen
carbon dioxide +
water
……….. +
6O2
6CO2 +
6H2O
Cells use this energy for:
muscle contraction
maintaining body temperature (in mammals and birds)
building new large molecules for cell growth
nerve impulses.
AQA B2.6

12. Measuring respiration gases
Enzymes
Ch5
Measuring respiration gases
Carbon dioxide turns ……………………. cloudy.
Carbon dioxide turns bicarbonate indicator from red to yellow.
More carbon dioxide is exhaled than inhaled.
Rate of respiration can be measured in a respirometer.
……………… is used to remove carbon dioxide from air so that a volume change shows oxygen being used up.
Respiration rate is measured as a change in volume per time.
The faster energy is used, the faster the rate of respiration.
AQA B2.6

13. Rate = 4cm/4 minutes = 1 cm/minute
Enzymes
Ch5
Measuring respiration gases
The bubble travels…………….. cm in ………minutes.
Rate = 4cm/4 minutes = 1 cm/minute
More accurately:
the tube has an internal diameter of 1mm
the volume change = r2 x distance travelled
3.142 x 0.52 x 40 = 31.4mm3
rate = volume change/time
rate = 7.85 mm3/minute.
AQA B2.6

14. Enzymes
Ch4
Digestion
Digestion is the break down of large 1………… food molecules into 2…… soluble food molecules by 3……….. so that they can be absorbed into the 4…… in the 5…… intestine.
Food is broken down in the mouth and by chewing to give a larger 6……… for the enzymes to act 7……….
Carbohydrases break down larger carbohydrates, like starch, into 8………… .
Proteases break down proteins into 9………. …….
Lipases break down fats (lipids) into 10….. ……. and 11………… .
…………
…….
…………
……..
…….
……….
……….
…………....
……………….
…………..
…………….
AQA B2.6

15. Human digestive system
Enzymes
Ch4
Human digestive system 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
AQA B2.6

16. Mouth and stomach Mouth Food is broken up by 1………… .
Enzymes
Ch4
Mouth and stomach
Mouth
Food is broken up by 1………… .
Saliva contains the carbohydrase 2…………
Food moves down the gullet by 3……………
Stomach
hydrochloric acid keeps the pH low (4…….) to kill 5…………
and to provide the 6………… pH for
the 7……….. enzyme to break down proteins.
……….
…………...
…………….
(……)
………….
………
………
AQA B2.6