1. Inflammation – Transitioning From Macro to Micro Presenter: Ee Phie Tan University of Kansas Medical Center

2. Cell Structure Cellular functions are governed by protein functions

4. An Overview of DNA to Protein

5. Protein Assembly https://mrssmithsbiology.files.wordpress.com/2014/09/protein-folding.png

6. Different Types of Proteins in Biology https://askabiologist.asu.edu/sites/default/files/resources/activities/body_depot/venom/protein_types_large.gif

7. Grasping the Concept of Signaling Molecules

8. What Triggers Inflammation? Pathogens

9. http://www.biologymad.com/Immunology/inflammation.jpg

10. What Triggers Inflammation? Pathogens Damaged Cells Irritants

11. http://www.solomonsseal.net/images/Inflammation2.jpg The Ugly Sides of Chronic Inflammation

12. Glycolysis Ischemia Anaerobic: rapid fall-down of Intracellular pH Reperfusion Aerobic: prompt recovery of Intracellular pH Robust ROS generation Direct injury on DNA or proteins Activation of inflammatory cascades Subcellular signal activation Apoptosis Cytokine Release Disruption of cell structure = Death

13. What is Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)?

14. Sources of Reactive Oxygen Species in the Human Body http://www.intechopen.com/source/html/43969/media/fig1.png

15. What are Antioxidants? Antioxidants EnzymaticNon-Enzymatic Superoxide Dismutase (SODs) Catalase (Cat) Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) Vitamin C Vitamin E Peroxiredoxin 1 (PRDx1) Thioredoxin Reductase 1 (TXNRD1) Carotenoids Melatonin Flavonoids Thiol antioxidants (gluthathione, thioredoxin and lipoic acid)

16. https://evolutionaryhealthperspective.files.wordpress.com/2013/03/antioxidant_activity.jpg?w=640&h=392&crop=1 Basic Concept of How Antioxidant Functions

17. Antioxidant Reactions Mittal el. al. 2014. Antioxid Redox Signal.

18. NRF2 is the Master Regulator of Antioxidant Responses ROS NRF2 KEAP1 Cytoplasm Nucleus NRF2 Ub NRF2 KEAP1 ERK 1/2 Jun ATF4 c-MAF FRA1 c-Fos CBP/p300 SOD TXNRD1 CAT GPx2 Antioxidant Genes

19. ROS is Actually Not Always Bad But if ROS generation is not properly regulated, things can turn out to be ugly… Oxygen sensing Cell growth and proliferation Inflammatory Response Apoptosis Cell Damaging Agent Necrosis

20. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan

21. PET Scan Biomarkers for Inflammation Wu, Li, Niu, Chen. 2013. Theranostics

22. S/T