1. Chapter 7 Control Structures

2. Java has very flexible three looping mechanisms. You can use one of the following three loops:  while Loop  do...while Loop  for Loop

3. The while Loop: A while loop is a control structure that allows you to repeat a task a certain number of times. Syntax: The syntax of a while loop is: While(condition) { //Statements } When executing, if the condition result is true, then the actions inside the loop will be executed. This will continue as long as the expression result is true.

4. Example: public class Test { public static void main(String args[]) { int x = 10; while( x < 20 ) { System.out.print("value of x : " + x ); x++; System.out.print("\n"); } } } value of x : 10 value of x : 11 value of x : 12 value of x : 13 value of x : 14 value of x : 15 value of x : 16 value of x : 17 value of x : 18 value of x : 19

5. The do...while Loop: A do...while loop is similar to a while loop, except that a do...while loop is guaranteed to execute at least one time. Syntax: do { //Statements }while(condition); Notice that the condition appears at the end of the loop, so the statements in the loop execute once before the Boolean is tested. If the Boolean expression is true, the flow of control jumps back up to do, and the statements in the loop execute again. This process repeats until the Boolean expression is false.

6. Example: public class Test { public static void main(String args[]){ int x = 10; do{ System.out.print("value of x : " + x ); x++; System.out.print("\n"); }while( x < 20 ); } value of x : 10 value of x : 11 value of x : 12 value of x : 13 value of x : 14 value of x : 15 value of x : 16 value of x : 17 value of x : 18 value of x : 19

7. The for Loop: A for loop is a repetition control structure that allows you to efficiently write a loop that needs to execute a specific number of times. A for loop is useful when you know how many times a task is to be repeated. Syntax: The syntax of a for loop is: for(initialization; condition; increment/decr.) { //Statements }

8. The initialization step is executed first, and only once. This step allows you to declare and initialize any loop control variables. Next, the condition is evaluated. If it is true, the body of the loop is executed. If it is false, the body of the loop does not execute and flow of control jumps to the next statement. After the body of the for loop executes, the flow of control jumps back up to the inc/dec statement. This statement allows you to update any loop control variables. After the condition is false, the for loop terminates.

9. Example: public class Test { public static void main(String args[]) { for(int x = 10; x < 20; x = x+1) { System.out.print("value of x : " + x ); System.out.print("\n"); } value of x : 10 value of x : 11 value of x : 12 value of x : 13 value of x : 14 value of x : 15 value of x : 16 value of x : 17 value of x : 18 value of x : 19

10. There are two types of decision making statements in Java. They are: if statements switch statements The if Statement: An if statement consists of a Boolean expression followed by one or more statements. Syntax: The syntax of an if statement is: if(Boolean_expression){ //Statements will execute if the Boolean expression is true}

11. If the Boolean expression evaluates to true then the block of code inside the if statement will be executed. Example: public class Test { public static void main(String args[]){ int x = 10; if( x < 20 ) { System.out.print("This is if statement"); } }} This would produce the following result: This is if statement

12. The if...else Statement: An if statement can be followed by an optional else statement, which executes when the Boolean expression is false. Syntax: The syntax of an if...else is: if(Boolean_expression){ //Executes when the Boolean expression is true } Else { //Executes when the Boolean expression is false }

13. Example: public class Test { public static void main(String args[]){ int x = 30; if( x < 20 ) { System.out.print("This is if statement"); } else{ System.out.print("This is else statement"); } This is else statement

14. The switch Statement: A switch statement allows a variable to be tested for equality against a list of values. Each value is called a case, and the variable being switched on is checked for each case. Syntax: switch(expression) { case value : //Statements break; //optional case value : //Statements break; //optional //You can have any number of case statements. default : //Optional //Statements}

15. The following rules apply to a switch statement: The variable used in a switch statement can only be a byte, short, int, or char. You can have any number of case statements within a switch. Each case is followed by the value to be compared to and a colon. The value for a case must be the same data type as the variable in the switch and it must be a constant or a literal. When the variable being switched on is equal to a case, the statements following that case will execute until a break statement is reached. When a break statement is reached, the switch terminates, and the flow of control jumps to the next line following the switch statement. A switch statement can have an optional default case, which must appear at the end of the switch. The default case can be used for performing a task when none of the cases is true. No break is needed in the default case.

16. Example: public class Test { public static void main(String args[]) { // char grade = 'C'; switch(grade) { case 'A' : System.out.println("Excellent!"); break; case 'B' : case 'C' : System.out.println("Well done"); break; case 'D' : System.out.println("You passed"); break; case 'F' : System.out.println("Better try again"); break; default : System.out.println("Invalid grade"); } System.out.println("Your grade is " + grade); }}