1. CSC COMPUTER EDUCATION, M.K.B.NAGAR CHAPTER 3

2. CSC COMPUTER EDUCATION, M.K.B.NAGAR Session Objectives Explain If, If..else statements Understand Looping concepts Explain Switch..Case statement Explain Break,continue Statements Explain the Goto Statement Explain Types of Control Statements

3. CSC COMPUTER EDUCATION, M.K.B.NAGAR Decision making& Branching Looping Statement Jumping Statement

4. CSC COMPUTER EDUCATION, M.K.B.NAGAR By default the statements are executed sequentially. However in practice we have situations where we may have to change the order of executions of statements until specified conditions are met. Decision Making &Branching Statement Jumping Statement Looping Statement

5. CSC COMPUTER EDUCATION, M.K.B.NAGAR Syntax : if(condition) { True Block Statement(s); } Executable statement(s); Test Condition True Block Statements Executable Statements TRUE FALSE

6. CSC COMPUTER EDUCATION, M.K.B.NAGAR Syntax : if(condition) { True Block Statement(s); } else {False Block statement(s); } Test Condition True Block Statements False Block Statements TRUE FALSE

7. CSC COMPUTER EDUCATION, M.K.B.NAGAR Syntax : Initialization counter; while(condition) { Body of the Loop; Increment/Decrement counter ; } Start Initialize Test Condition TRUE Body of the loop Increment or Decrement FALSE STOP

8. CSC COMPUTER EDUCATION, M.K.B.NAGAR

9. Syntax : Initialization counter; do { Body of the Loop; Increment/Decrement counter ; } while(condition); Start Initialize Test Condition TRUE Body of the loop Increment or Decrement Stop FALSE

10. CSC COMPUTER EDUCATION, M.K.B.NAGAR

11. Syntax : For(initialization;condition;increment/decrement) { Body of the Loop; } Start Initialize Test Condition TRUE Body of the loop Increment or Decrement FALSE STOP

12. CSC COMPUTER EDUCATION, M.K.B.NAGAR Multiple Initialization / Increments The following loop is used for multiple initialization -

13. CSC COMPUTER EDUCATION, M.K.B.NAGAR The for loop will be termed as a nested for loop when it is written like this : -

14. CSC COMPUTER EDUCATION, M.K.B.NAGAR Write a “C” Program swapping two numbers #include void main() { int a,b,c; printf("enter two number="); scanf ("%d %d",&a,&b); b=a+b; a=b-a; b=b-a; printf("%d %d",a,b); } Decrement Operator Example #include void main() { int i; i=2; printf("\n The value of i is %d",i); printf("\n The value of i is %d",--i); printf("\n The value of i is %d",i); } Increment operator(++) Example #include void main() { int i=2; printf("\n The value of i is %d",i); printf("\n The value of i is %d",++i); printf("\n The value of i is %d",i); } Write a program to convert farenheit into celsius = (far - 32) *5/9 #include void main() { float faren,celsius; printf("\n Enter the farenheit = "); scanf(" %f", &faren); celsius = (faren -32) *5/9; printf("The Celsius is = %f",celsius); }

15. CSC COMPUTER EDUCATION, M.K.B.NAGAR Write a program to accept your name,address & city and print it one by one #include void main() { char name[20],add[30],city[20]; printf("\n Enter the name="); scanf("%s",&name); printf("\n Enter the Address="); scanf("%s",&add); printf("\n Enter the City="); scanf("%s",&city); printf("The Name is = %s\n",name); printf("The Address is = %s\n",add); printf("The City is = %s\n",city); } Enter the Name = CSCComputer Enter the Address= Meenambalsalai Enter the city = Chennai The Name is = CSCComputer The Address is= Meenambalsalai The city is = Chennai

16. CSC COMPUTER EDUCATION, M.K.B.NAGAR How to print a Special characters #include void main() { char c; clrscr(); printf("\n This is how to print a double quote : \"\n"); printf("\n This is how to print a backslash : \\\n"); c='\''; printf("\n c now contains %c\n",c); printf("\n This is how to print a percent - sign : %\n"); c='\007'; /* beep sound code is 7 */ printf("\n c now contains %d\n",c); getch(); }

17. CSC COMPUTER EDUCATION, M.K.B.NAGAR Write a program to print employee name, basic pay,pf,lic & calculate the net salary #include void main() { char name[20]; int basic,pf,lic,net; printf("\n Enter the name="); scanf("%s",name); printf("\n Enter Basic Bpay ="); scanf("%d",&basic); printf("\n Enter PF ="); scanf("%d",&pf); printf("\n Enter LIC ="); scanf("%d",&lic); net = basic – (pf + lic); printf("Net Salary is = %d ",net); } Write a program to find the greatest among two numbers a,b #include void main() { int a,b,c; printf("\n Enter 2 nos. ="); scanf("%d %d",&a,&b); if (a>b) { printf("A is greatest %d“,a); } else { printf(" B is greatest %d“,b); } getch(); } Enter 2 nos. = 100 20 A is greatest 100

18. CSC COMPUTER EDUCATION, M.K.B.NAGAR Write a program to check whether the given number is positive or negative. #include void main() { int a; printf("Enter the number="); scanf("%d",&a); if (a>0) { printf( "Given number is positive %d“.a); } Elseif(a<0) { printf("Given number is negative %d“,a); } Else { printf("Given number is Zero %d“,a); } Write a program to find the greatest of Three numbers #include void main() { int a,b,c; printf("\n Enter 3 nos. ="); scanf("%d %d %d",&a,&b,&c); if ((a>b) && (a>c)) { printf("A is greatest %d“,a); } elseif (b>c) { printf(" B is greatest %d“,b); } else { printf("C is greatest %d“.c); } getch(); } Enter the number = 10 The Given Number is positive Enter 3 nos. = 10 20 5 B is greatest

19. CSC COMPUTER EDUCATION, M.K.B.NAGAR Write a progrm input the given year is LEAP YEAR or Not #include void main() { int year; printf("Enter the year =\n"); scanf("%d",&year); if ((year%4)==0) { printf("\n It is a leap year"); } else { printf("\n It is not a leap year"); } getch(); } Write a progrm input the given Number id Odd or Even Number #include void main() { int no; printf("Enter the Number =\n"); scanf("%d",&no); if ((no%2)==0) { printf("\n The Number is Even Number %d“,no); } else { printf("\n The Number is Odd Number %d“,no); } getch(); } Enter the number = 12 The Number is Even Number 12 Enter the Year 2000 It is a leap year

20. CSC COMPUTER EDUCATION, M.K.B.NAGAR Write a program to print the FIBONACCI SERIES upto N Numbers #include void main() { int n,i,f1,f2,f3; printf("enter the number = "); scanf("%d",&n); f1=-1; f2=1; for(i=0;i<=n;i++) { f3=f1+f2; printf("%d\n",f3); f1=f2; f2=f3; } 011235011235 Enter the number = 5 PASCAL TRIANGLE #include void main() { int i,j; clrscr(); for(i=1;i<=5;i++) { for(j=1;j<=i;j++) { printf("%d\n",i); } printf("\n"); } Output 1 2 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 5 5 5

21. CSC COMPUTER EDUCATION, M.K.B.NAGAR PASCAL TRIANGLE #include void main() { int i,j; clrscr(); for(i=1;i<=5;i++) { for(j=1;j<=i;j++) { printf("%d\n",j); } printf("\n"); } Output 1 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 PASCAL TRIANGLE #include void main() { int i,j,c=1; clrscr(); for(i=1;i<=5;i++) { for(j=1;j<=i;j++) { printf("%d\n",c); c++; } printf("\n"); } Output 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

22. CSC COMPUTER EDUCATION, M.K.B.NAGAR PASCAL TRIANGLE to print * #include void main() { int i,j; clrscr(); for(i=1;i<=5;i++) { for(j=1;j<=i;j++) { printf(“*"); } printf("\n"); } Output * * * * * * * * * * * PASCAL TRIANGLE #include void main() { int i,j; clrscr(); for(i=0;i<5;i++) { for(j=i;j>0;j--) { printf("%d\n",j); } printf("\n"); } Output 1 2 1 3 2 1 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1

23. CSC COMPUTER EDUCATION, M.K.B.NAGAR To print the word in reverse #include #define size 10 void main() { char name[size+1]; int i=1; clrscr(); printf("\n Enter Any String"); scanf("%s",name); printf("\n The Given string is %s\n",name); for(i=0;name[i]!='\0';i++); printf("\n\n The Reversed String is"); for(i=size-1;i>=0;i--) { printf("%c",name[i]); } getch(); } Enter Any String : raja The Given String is raja The Reversed String is ajar

24. CSC COMPUTER EDUCATION, M.K.B.NAGAR The continue statement causes the next iteration of the enclosing loop to begin. When this statement is encountered, the remaining statements in the body of the loop are skipped and the control is passed on to the re-initialization step. continue;

25. CSC COMPUTER EDUCATION, M.K.B.NAGAR function The exit() is used to break out of the program. The use of this function causes immediate termination of the program and control rests in the hands of the Operating System.

26. CSC COMPUTER EDUCATION, M.K.B.NAGAR statement The break statement is used to terminate a case in a switch statement. When the break statement is encountered in a loop, the loop is terminated immediately and control is passed to the statement following the loop. break;

27. CSC COMPUTER EDUCATION, M.K.B.NAGAR label The goto statement transfers control to any other statement within the same function in a C program. They reduce program reliability and make program difficult to maintain. goto Labelname: Statements; -- Labelname: --- Statements;

28. CSC COMPUTER EDUCATION, M.K.B.NAGAR Syntax : switch(Expression) { case 1:Statements; break; case 2:Statements; break; case 3:Statements; break; default :Statements; break; } Default is Optional It is useful while writing menu driven programs Break statement transfers the control to the end of switch..case statement.

29. CSC COMPUTER EDUCATION, M.K.B.NAGAR Write a menu type program to solve arithmetic calculation using switch case stmts. #include void main() { int a,b,choice,tot; printf("\n 1. Addition"); printf("\n 2. Subtraction"); printf("\n 3. Multiplication"); printf("\n 4. Division"); printf("\n Enter the Values="); scanf("%d %d",&a,&b); printf("enter your choice="); scanf("%d",&choice); switch(choice) { case 1: tot = a+b; printf("\n The Addition of 2 nos. % d",tot); break; case 2: tot = a-b; printf("\n The Subtraction of 2 nos. % d",tot); break; case 3: tot = a*b; printf("\n The Multiplication of 2 nos. % d",tot); break; case 4: tot = a/b; printf("\n The Division = % d",tot); break; default: printf("\n invalid"); break; }

30. CSC COMPUTER EDUCATION, M.K.B.NAGAR Write a program to count the number of vowels and consonants in a string #include void main() { int c=0,v=0; char x; printf("enter any string \n"); do { switch(x=getchar()) { case 'a': case 'e': case 'i': case 'o': case 'u': v++; break; case '\n': break; default: c++; break; } }while (x!='\n'); printf("no. of vowels is %d \n",v); printf("no. of consonants is %d", c); getch(); } Enter Any String : welcome No.of Vowels : 3 No.of Consonants : 4

31. CSC COMPUTER EDUCATION, M.K.B.NAGAR Write a “C” Program to generate Armstrong No.s from 1 to 1000 #include void main() { int a,b,s,n,i; printf("\n ENter the Limit"); scanf("%d",&n); printf("\n The armstrong Numbers are"); for(i=0;i<=n;i++) { a=i; s=0; while(a>0) { b=a%10; b=b*b*b; s=s+b; a=a/10; } if(i==s) { printf("\t %d",i); } Write a program print the given number as reverse format. #include void main() { long int a,b,c=0,n; printf("\n Enter the Number"); scanf("%ld",&a); while(a>0) { n=a%10; a=a/10; c=b+c*10; } printf("\n The reversed numeral is %ld",c); } Enter the Number : 345 The reversed Numeral is 543

32. CSC COMPUTER EDUCATION, M.K.B.NAGAR Write a program to convert the number from binary to decimal #include void main() { int i=0,j=0,sum=0; long int n,x; printf("\n Enter Binary Number"); scanf("%ld",&n); if(n!=0) { i=n%10; if(i==0 || i==1) { while(n!= 0) { i=n%10; sum=sum+i*pow(2,j); n=n/10; j++; }}} if(sum==0) printf("\n The no is not a binary number"); else printf("\n The equivalent decimal number is %d",sum); } Enter Binary Number : 101 The Equivalent Decimal No : 5 'break' statement Example 'break' stmt is used to terminate loops or exit from a switch.it can be used within a do-while, for and switch statement #include void main() { int i; printf("The values are\n"); for(i=1;i<=100;i++) { printf("They are %d \n",i); if(i==25) { break; } Print the Numbers from 1…25

33. CSC COMPUTER EDUCATION, M.K.B.NAGAR Convert the character from lower to upper and vice versa. #include void main() { char x,a; Do { printf("\n Enter any character"); fflush(stdin); scanf("%c",&x); if(x>='A' && x<='Z') printf("\nLower case %c",x+('a' - 'A')); else if(x>='a' && x<='z') printf("\n Upper case is %c",x - ('a' - 'A')); else printf("\n That's not a Letter"); printf("\n Another Data[Y/N]?"); fflush(stdin); scanf("%c",&a); }while(a=='y'); }

34. CSC COMPUTER EDUCATION, M.K.B.NAGAR F2 Key  Save File F3  Open an existing File F5  Maximize F6  Move to next Program Alt+F9  To compile (Check Errors) Ctrl+F9  Compile and Linking (Execute a Program) Alt+F5  Display output mode Alt+F3  Close screen Quit  Alt+X (come out from Turbo “C”)

35. CSC COMPUTER EDUCATION, M.K.B.NAGAR Session Summary  The if statement is used to make decisions  The switch statement allows us to make a decision from a number of choices.  The break & continue statements used inside a for, while and do..while loops  The loop does does not terminate when a continue statement is encountered  The switch statement can only for test equality  Break used to terminate or exit from a switch statement  The goto statement is used to transfer the control in a loop or function from one point to any other portion in that program where it encounters a label

36. CSC COMPUTER EDUCATION, M.K.B.NAGAR EXERCISES 1. Write a program to find the perfect square using if..else statement? 2.Write a program to input the given number is prime or Not? 3. Write a program to perform arithmetic operations using switch statement? 4. Write a program to find the mean and standard deviation of N Numbers? 5. Write a program to find the number of five hundreds,Hundreds, Fifties,Twenties,Tens,Fives,two’s and one’s in a amount given using while loop? 6.Write a program to convert Octal number to a Decimal Number? 7.Write a program to generate N even Numbers and calculate its sum? 8.Write a program to count the number of digits in an integers using while loop? 9.Write a program to calculate the sine series?

37. CSC COMPUTER EDUCATION, M.K.B.NAGAR EXERCISES 10. Write a program to print the following Outputs using for while and do..while loops?