1. The Holy Land

2. Definitions Holy Land- a region sacred to Christians because Jesus lived and taught there, small region in present-day Israel, Jordan, and Palestine Crusades- 8 military expeditions the Church launched to capture the Holy Land Pilgrims- people who journey to a sacred place Jerusalem- a city in the Holy Land regarded as sacred by Christians, Muslims, and Jews. Pilgrimage site for European Christians

3. Why was the Holy Land Important? For Muslims: -Where Muhammad went to Heaven -First direction of prayer For Jews: -Wailing Wall site of Jewish pilgrimage -Promised to the Jewish people from God For Christians: -Associated with the life, teaching and death of Jesus (the Messiah) -Place of the Last Supper -Jesus’ entombment -Resurrection

4. What is a Crusade? Eight military expeditions launched by the Church to capture the Holy Land “God Wills it!” -Pope Urban II calls the people of Europe to war -Holy Land has fallen to enemies, European Christians must win it back -Who are the “enemies”?

5. Causes of the Crusades: Seljuk Turks attacked pilgrims (Christians) and eventually close pilgrimage routes to Jerusalem Constantinople is being invaded by the Turks, Byzantine Empire needs knights to defend them Uniting all of Europe against a common enemy- Muslims Europeans want control of the Holy Land AND the trade routes between Africa, Asia, and Europe

7. Pope Urban II Decides to go to War: Why? –Wanted Holy Land under the control of Christians –Unite Europe against common enemy (Muslim Turks) –Gain power and prestige for himself –Control key trade routes between Africa, Asia and Europe

8. The First Crusade 1096-1099 The People’s Crusade: Common people led by Peter the Hermit attacked the Turks and failed miserably. Few survived…should have waited for the knights! WHAT WAS IT LIKE FOR A CRUSADER in the Middle East?

9. The First Crusade 1. Knights fought through Jerusalem and captured it in 1099 2. Some Crusaders stayed in the Holy Land and set up Christian Kingdoms a. Muslim Turks attacked b. More Crusades were launched to defend region

10. Peter the Hermit At the Council of Clermont when Pope Urban II makes his speech about the Holy Land and Crusades Preached about the Crusades all across western Europe Set out on the Crusade with 100,000 men, women and children- did not have the proper supplies Only 7,000 made it to Constantinople ventured on to the Holy Land where they were slaughtered by the Turks (Peter left the battle early and made it back to Constantinople) Peter joined another army and was present during the capture of the Holy Land

11. Children’s Crusade-True or False? A young boy in France or Germany was said to have been spoken to by Jesus Jesus told him to lead a Crusade to peacefully convert Muslims in the Holy Land

12. Nicholas of Cologne German shepherd boy Tried to lead a group through the Alps to Italy Promised people the sea would dry up so they could walk across it 2 out of 3 people died They never made it to the Holy Land

13. Stephan of Cloyes French shepherd boy Believed he carried a letter for the French King from Jesus Led 15,000 to 30,000 children and adults They did not make it to the Holy Land Turned back when the journey became too difficult

14. Common Story of the Children’s Crusade 30,000 children marched to the Mediterranean Sea (it would part or dry up when they got there so they could cross) Two merchants offer as many children as could fit passage to Holy Land on their ships –Taken to Africa and sold into slavery –Died in a shipwreck

15. Crusader States -Formed after success of first Crusade - Lacked strong leadership - Were easily taken back by Muslim Turks -Country of Edessa was first to be taken, prompting call for the Second Crusade (1145- 1148) - Brought a political NOT religious motivation for future Crusades

16. SALADIN Arab Muslim leader who rose to power after Second Crusade Retakes Jerusalem in 1187 Kind and forgiving…unless you mess with his family! Believed in rules of warfare (what knights believe…) Negotiates treaty with King Richard (the Lion-Hearted) to reopen Jerusalem to Christian pilgrimsKing Richard (the Lion-Hearted)

17. Reginald of Chatillon Opposite of Saladin Plundered and raided caravans in Jerusalem Kings tried to get him to give back the $$$but he refused and war broke out Beheaded by Saladin because he raided and plundered Saladin’s sister’s caravan

18. Pop Culture! Kingdom of Heaven- Kingdom of Heaven- Directed by Ridley Scott tells the story of Saladin, King Guy, Saladin’s sister, Reginald of Chatillon, and a random blacksmith!

19. Results of the Crusades: Increased Trade- Crusaders brought back new products that became high in demand Growth of town and cities- more trade helps cities grow Use of money instead of trade/barter- BUYING supplies became more normal New ideas/technology –Medicine –Math –Better ships and maps

20. Church of the Holy Sepulchre On the site where Jesus was crucified Contains the place where Jesus was buried

23. Dome of the Rock Muslim tradition says Muhammad ascended to heaven by the spot marked by the Dome of the Rock Shown here how to pray five times a day For Jewish people it is the Holy of Holies, pray toward rock, holiest spot (not allowed in to worship)

24. Temple Mount/Haram al Sharif For Jews: where redemption will take place when the Messiah arrives For Muslims: “Noble Sanctuary”, deep religious and political significance for Palestinians and Muslims around the world

25. Western/Wailing Wall Holiest site in Judaism, located just below the Temple Mount. Part of the retaining wall dates back to when a Jewish Temple stood on the Mount. Jews go here to pray and leave prayers on slips of paper that they put between the stones

26. Western/Wailing Wall Holiest site in Judaism, located just below the Temple Mount. Part of the retaining wall dates back to when a Jewish Temple stood on the Mount. Jews go here to pray and leave prayers on slips of paper that they put between the stones

27. Current Conflict West Bank and the Gaza Strip are Palestinian Territories (within Israeli borders). They are not recognized by the UN, Israel or Western Nations (like the U.S.)

29. 2014: Peace Talks People Involved: –Palestinian President: Mahmoud Abbas –Israeli President: Benjamin Netanyahu –U.S. Secretary of State: John Kerry

31. Peace Offerings Before Negotiations Palestinians Offer: put off their desire for international recognition as a state Israelis Offer: release of 104 Palestinian prisoners that have been in prison since before 1993 Why offer something before negotiations even start?

32. Mahmoud Abbas No Israelis (civilian or soldier) on Palestinian land. Unless for tourism or employment purposes

33. Benjamin Netanyahu Against Jerusalem being divided into two separate states

34. To make it even more confusing… There is civil war in PALESTINE: –Hamas: means enthusiasm, political group that governs Gaza Strip, classified by U.S. as a terrorist organization, won Palestinian Parliament elections –Fatah: means conquering/victory, Palestinian party of President Mahmoud Abbas, even though they lost to Hamas they held on to political control of the West Bank So…not only are Israelis and Palestinians fighting, but Palestinians are fighting Palestinians!