1. clean air solutions Presentation for EAC, Vietnam Lars Kristensen

2. 1. Air Clean air is important We eat 1 kg food per day We drink 2 kg fluid per day But we breathe 24 kg air per day !!

3. Air Gases - water vapour - CO 2, H, Ne, He, O 3 etc Particles - volcanic ash - sea salt - dusts - sand - pollen

4. How Clean is The Air ? Particles in the Air Particles/litre Tobacco smoke100 Billions High way 1 Billion City100 Millions Country road 10 Millions Rural area 1 Million Ocean 100 Thousands Arctic 10 Thousands Clean room 1

5. Particle size in atmospheric air 5 Amount Area Weight Particle size µm 1 10 90 99 95 99,99 % Less than Particle Diameter 0,1110 99,9% less than 1 µm ! 70% 0,1% > 1 µm

6. Particle size distribution of atmospheric dust Particles smaller than 1  m refer to: 99.9% of numbers 30% of weight

7. How large is 1 µm? 1  m = 1/1000 mm Hair: 150  m Pollen: 10  m

8. How large is 1 µm? Pollen: 10  m Industrial dust: 0.5  m Bacteria: 0.3  m

9. Oil smokeOil smoke Tobacco smokeTobacco smoke Metallurgical dustMetallurgical dust BacteriaBacteria VirusVirus What kind of particles are smaller than 1 micrometer ?

10. Problems with air contamination Health problems Allergic reactions lung diseases cancer Installation problems low efficiency for heat exchangers, fans, etc. contamination of products (micro chip, drugs...) reduced air flow

11. Summary - Air Atmospheric air consists of gases and dust Dust is : 0.01 - 100 µm 99.9 % of the number of particles in outdoor air are smaller than 1 µm 30 % of the weight is from particles smaller than 1 µm

12. 3. FILTER ENGINEERING Filter performance - needs ägood efficiency älow pressure drop älong lifetime

13. Particle Filtration Effects 1. Diffusion 2. Interception 3. Inertia 4. Straining 5. Electrostatic

14. 1. Diffusion effect Velocity Particles smaller than 1  m don’t follow the air flow. They are influenced by the vibrations of the air molecules. Fibre diameterFibre density

15. 2. Interception effect Small, light particles follow the air flow around a filter fibre. If the centre of the particle follows a flow path which comes closer to the fibre than the radius of the particle, the particle is intercepted. Velocity Fibre diameterFibre density

16. 3. Inertia effect Larger particles are too heavy to follow the air flow around a filter fibre. Velocity Fibre diameterFibre density The large particle will impinge directly onto the filter fibre.

17. 4. Straining effect Particles with a diameter greater than the clearance between two fibres can’t pass Velocity Fibre diameterFibre density

18. Recipe for a filter with high efficiency and long life time  Small fibre diameter  A lot of fibres  Large filter area

19. This knowledge has made to use more fibres for all our bagfilters than what is standard within the industry

20. Total mechanical collecting efficiency 80 60 40 20 0 0,1110 Particles size µm % Diffusion effect Interception effect Straining effect 100 Inertia effect &

21. 5. Electro static effect Larger effect on small particles - + + + + Velocity Fibre diameterFibre density

22. 5. Electro static effect Glass fiber Synthetic fiber (many, small fibers) (few, big fibers)

23. 5. Electro static effect High initial efficiency can be achieved with electrostatically charged fibers However, fibers will quickly be discharged when exposed to outdoor air. As long as big size synthetic fibers are used, they will not have same long term efficiency as a glass fiber.

24. Long term test in rural environment for glass fiber and synthetic media Electro statically charged synthetic media Glass fiber media Efficiency at 0.4 um (%) Time (h)

25. Pressure drop Pressure drop measured in Pa, mm H 2 O, inch WG and depends on: Air flowAir flow Media (density, thickness, porosity)Media (density, thickness, porosity) Filter construction (pocket shape, inlet etc.)Filter construction (pocket shape, inlet etc.)

26. Filter media - pressure drop Low pressure drop by: ähigh porosity älow media velocity (airflow) Low porosity High porosity

27. Filter media - pressure drop äTo get a good efficiency and relative low pressure drop - fine fibers ähigher efficiency gives higher dP äoptimizing media is important (density, fiber diameter)

28. Filter configuration - pressure drop Filter media blocked, high dP = short lifetime Conical shape Parallel pockets

29. Technical lifetime Dependent on: äinitial pressure loss ämedia (lofty media gives better dust accumulation) äeffective filter surface

30. Media - life time Lofty material clogs up slower than a compact = longer life timeLofty material clogs up slower than a compact = longer life time Large fibers gives strength and loftLarge fibers gives strength and loft High Loft, ex HI-FLO

31. Filter surface - Life time 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 200040006000800010000 h Pa 3P-85 6,3 m² 3M-85 9,4 m²

32. Life time For bagfilters: 50% more media area gives 100% longer life time

33. Summary - filter theory äSeveral filtration effects works together in a filter äEfficiency is lowest at MPPS (dependent on media, velocity etc.) äTo capture small particles - fine fibers äThe lifetime is dependent on media, effective filter area, airflow and environment äThe construction is important to achieve low dP

34. 4. FILTER TYPES äPre filters (panel and bag) äFine filters (bag filters & pleated) äHEPA/ULPA filter äAdsorption filters (carbon)

35. Hi - Flo (fiber glass) bag filters - Low cost - Extremely good media - V-Shape - Distance ribbon

36. AIROPAC AIROPAC3CPM/3CPMHF OPAKFIL-G 3OPGHF 3OPGHF AIROPAC GREEN 3GP/3GPHF 3GP/3GPHF AIROPAC AIROPAC3GGM/3GGMHF Hot melt & string separators (close pleat or mini pleat) Aluminum separators ASHRAE filters - pleated

37. Hi-Tech filters - HEPA & ULPA MIDILAM / MAXILAM with laminator MIDILAR / MAXILAR ABSOLUTE 1D SOFILAIR ABSOLUTETRSA

38. Different separators Aluminum Hot melt New

39. Adsorption filters

40. Why Adsorption filters ?? Removal of gasses substances

41. What is activated carbon ? äMaterial with large surface area (1 000 m²/g). äObtained by pyrolysis of materials such as: äCoconut shell äCoal äPeat äWood

42. Activated carbon Pores in material gives the large surface:Pores in material gives the large surface: Micropore MacroporeMesopore

43. Adsorption mechanism AdsorptionAdsorption Reversible binding between a molecule and the surface.Reversible binding between a molecule and the surface.

44. Adsorption mechanism ächemisorption äIrreversible chemical binding between a molecule and impregnation.

45. Area of use äActivated carbon (adsorption) äSolvents äOdors äActivated and impregnated carbon (chemisorption) äAcid, corrosive gases (SO 2, NO x, H 2 S) äAmmonium (NH 3 ) äFormaldehyde äNuclear filter

46. 5. Filter economy The running costs depend on: 1.Life time 2.Energy costs 3.Cleaning costs

47. Filter economy Lower initial pressure drop results in: 1.Longer lifetime 2.Lower energy cost

48. Filter economy - Life time For bagfilters: 50% more media area gives 100% longer life time

49. Operating economy = low pressure drop E=energy input[kWh /year] q=air flow [m 3 /s] dP=pressure drop[Pa] t=operating time[h/year]  =fan and fan motor efficiency

50. Example q =1 m 3 /s(=2120 CFM) dP=125 Pa(=1/2”) t=8760 hours( 24 hours/day)  =0.7

51. Filter economy Energy cost comparison Hi-flo 3A-85, 6 pockets 160 Pa / 3600 m 3 /h Hi-flo 3M-85, 12 pockets 100 Pa /3600 m 3 /h

52. Example q =1 m 3 /s(=2120 CFM)  P=160 - 100 = 60 Pa(=1/4”) t=8760 hours( 24 hours/day)  =0.7

53. Filter economy Filter class - cleaning costs n Normally 0.025m 2 duct surface per m 3 /h supply air flow n Installations with F45 filter (EU5) normally needs to be cleaned each fifth year to maintain air flow n Cleaning costs: 10 USD/m 2 n If F85 filter (EU7) is used, no duct cleaning is necessary Dirty ducts are unhealthy and expensive

54. n Cleaning costs is 10 times higher than what it costs to improve filter quality n Cleaning costs is often higher than total filter costs n Filters of higher quality are not more expensive Filter economy Filter class - cleaning costs

55. 6. Test methods - particulate Air filters Ventilation(ASHRAE) Filters HEPA and ULPA filters

56. Development of standards for ventilation filters USAEurope EuroventNat 1Nat 2 Nat 3 ASHRAE 52-68 1968 ASHRAE 52-76 1976 EUROVENT 4/5 1979 Nat std Nat std ASHRAE 52.1-92 1992 EUROVENT 4/9 1992 particle testCEN EN 779 1994 ASHRAE 52.2P particle test CEN EN XXX

57. Arrestance (For low efficiency filters) Arrestance (For low efficiency filters) G1G1 G2G2 DustTestFinal filter filter(HEPA) G 1 =Weight of test dust added to air G 2 =Weight of dust collected in final filter Arrestance = (1-G 2 /G 1 )*100%

58. Arrestance (For low efficiency filters ) Arrestance (For low efficiency filters ) Arrestance = (1-G 2 /G 1 )*100% Example: If 1 kg dust is fed into test duct (G 1 =1 kg) and the weight of final filter has been increased with 0.4 kg (G 2 =0.4 kg) =>Arrestance = (1-0.4/1)*100% = 60%

59. Efficiency (For high efficiency filters) Efficiency (For high efficiency filters) Dust Test filter L1L1 L2L2 Sample of air is taken before and after test filter. This test air is fed through piece of paper which will be discolored. L 1 = Reduction of light transmitted through sample before filter L 2 = Reduction of light transmitted through sample after filter Efficiency = (1-L 2 /L 1 )*100%

60. Efficiency versus dust load Dust spot efficiency (%) Dust (g)

61. Pressure drop versus dust load Pressure drop dP (Pa) Dust (g)

62. Test methods today Dust spot efficiency: - ANSI/ASHRAE 52.1-1992 - CEN EN 779 Particle efficiency: - EUROVENT 4/9

63. Test rig Eurovent 4/9DEHS p Filter particle counter

64. Results EUROVENT 4/9 Fractional particle efficiency - efficiency Vs size - efficiency Vs dust load Dust weight arrestance Final pressure drop 450 Pa for classification

65. REPORT

66. 65<A m <80 80<A m <90 90<A m < A m <65 40<E m <60 60<E m <80 80<E m <90 90<E m <95 95<E m G1 G2 G3 G4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 HI-CAP 85/25 HI-CAP 85/30 HI-FLO 4050 HI-FLO 3M-65 HI-FLO 3M-85 HI-FLO 3M-95 < 5% 15% 25 % 63 % >80 % weightarrestance[%]averageefficiency[%] class EN 779 initialefficiency at 0.4 µm 80 %

67. Comments on Eurovent 4/9 +More information on filter performance +Easier to understand +Faster +Small differences between different laboratories +Possible to use the same technique at installations -Filter may have complete different properties in actual conditions, for example electrostatic charged filter media

68. Efficiency in real life Efficiency 0.4µm [%] 0 20 40 60 80 100 0200040006000800010000 Running time [h] EU7 glass EU7 synthetic

69. Test of electrostatic effect isopropanol test diesel fumes

70. FUTURE  ASHRAE committee is working on a standard (ASHRAE 52.2)  CEN TC 195/wgf is working to replace EN 779  ASHRAE 52.2. And/or Eurovent 4/9  Eurovent 4/10- in “situ test”

71. Eurovent 4/10

72. Summary-general ventilation  Old test methods will be replaced  Fractional particle efficiency will be the new test method “world wide”  Testing in actual installations will give more information about real properties of air filters

73. Test methods - particulate Air filters HEPA and ULPA filters

74. Total mechanical collecting efficiency 80 60 40 20 0 0,1110 Particles size µm % Diffusion effect Interception effect Straining effect 100 Inertia &

75. Test methods-Absolute filter Old test methodsOld test methods –DOP test (0.3µm) –BS 3928 (0.65µm)0.47 µm for Chinese version –AFNOR X44-11 (soda salt=0.17 µm) –IES-RP-CC007.1 (0.1-0.2 µm) New testmethodNew testmethod –EN 1822 (MPPS)

76. Test methods äOverall efficiency äLeak test - Scanning

77. Test methods - overall efficiency ämonodisperse aerosol (0.3 µm) äphotometer (mass concentration) äefficiency at 0.3 µm particles äpolydisperse aerosol äparticle counter (size and number) äMPPS DOP test EN 1822

78. Testmethods - Leak test äphotometer (mass concentration) ä100% and 20 % air flow älow sensitivity äphotometer + cold DOP ähigher sensitivity than DOP test äparticle counter äleakage test at MPPS ähigh sensitivity DOP test Scanning with photometer EN 1822 (New)

79. Test rig for Particle scanning DES p Filter Laser sensors > 0.1 µm > 0.1 µm EN 1822-1 Testmethod > 0.1 µm > 0.1 µm Dilution

80. Test rig for Filter classes H10 to U17

81. Overall efficiency Overall efficiency at MPPS [%]>95 99.5 99.95 >85 99.995 99.9995 99.99995 99.999995 H10 H11 H12 H13 H14 U15 U16 U17 Filter classes EN 1822-1 - - 2.5.25.025.0025.00025.00010 local leak (%)

82. Ventilation filters ASHRAE filters Ventilation filters ASHRAE filters

83. Ventilation filters (ASHRAE filters) PRE FILTER Pleated Panel BAG FILTER HI-CAPHI-FLO Glass fiber filter S-FLO Synthetic filter COMPACT FILTER AIROPAC AIROPAC3CPM/3CPMHF OPAKFIL-G 3OPGHF 3OPGHF AIROPAC GREEN 3GP/3GPHF 3GP/3GPHF AIROPAC AIROPAC3GGM/3GGMHF

84. Pre filters Pleated Panel (G4) HI-CAP HF80/25 (G3) (HI-CAP HF90/35 (G4))

85. Hi - Flo (fiber glass) bag filters - Low cost - Extremely good media - V-Shape - Distance ribbon

86. Calculation of media area Height * Depth*2* # Pockets

87. Compact filters AIROPAC AIROPAC3CPM/3CPMHF OPAKFIL-G 3OPGHF 3OPGHF AIROPAC GREEN 3GP/3GPHF 3GP/3GPHF AIROPAC AIROPAC3GGM/3GGMHF Hot melt separators (close pleat or mini pleat) Aluminum separators

88. Opakfil G 3OPGHF - Light - No metal parts (combustible) - High capacity - Low dP - Long life time Plastic frame and hot melt separators

89. AIROPAC GREEN 3GP & 3GPHF - Very light (3 kg) - No metal parts (combustible) - Low price - Same capacity as standard Aluminum separator filters Cardboard frame and hot melt separators Possible to make special sizes (new card board die needed)

90. AIROPAC 3CPM & 3CPMHF Metal frame and Aluminum separators - High temperature (200 ºC) Easy to make special sizes

91. COMPACT FILTER versus HI-FLO BAG FILTERS COMPACT FILTER versus HI-FLO BAG FILTERS Hi-Flo Bag filter for lowest cost Compact filter to minimize space

92. High-Tech filters (HEPA & ULPA) High-Tech filters (HEPA & ULPA)

93. Usage of High-Tech filters n Protection against bacterias and viruses, hospitals, laboratories n Protection against nuclear particles, nuclear power plants, laboratories n Protection against dangerous materials, bomb shelters, gas masks, industrial applications n Protection during production, pharmaceutical and optical production, manufacturing of electronic components etc. n Protection of products, sensitive electronic equipment, computers

94. Hi-Tech filters - HEPA & ULPA MIDILAM / MAXILAM with laminator MIDILAR / MAXILAR ABSOLUTE 1D SOFILAIR ABSOLUTETRSA

95. New generation of Absolute Aluminum separators Plywood frame Hot melt separators Electro zinced sheet frame Endless PU gasket New

96. Sofilair (High capacity HEPA) 4000 m 3 /h at 250 Pa Hot melt separators Electro zinced sheet frame Endless PU gasket

97. Clean room panels Standard:Midi Extended area:Maxi With laminator:-lam Without laminator:-lar

98. Midilam (Clean room panel with laminator) Unique laminarity Hot melt separators Extruded, anodised Aluminum frame Endless PU gasket

99. Laminarity 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100

100. Silent Hood Extruded, anodised Aluminum frame With/without adjustable damper Endless PU gasket

101. Clean room products FKOP FKS-HOUSINGS CAMDISTRI SOFDISTRI SNAP SEAL TERMINAL DIFFUSER