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{ HOW BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY EVOLVES Chapter 14
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{ THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES Chapter 14.1
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Speciation – process in which one species splits into two or more species Species – group of members within a population that routinely interbreed SPECIATION
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Morphological Biological CONCEPT OF SPECIES
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Coevolution – two or more unrelated species evolve together Predator/prey Convergent – unrelated species have similar appearance due to environment Analogous structures Divergent – related species become more and more dissimilar EVOLUTIONARY PATTERNS
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In isolation, two parts of a formerly interbreeding population stop interbreeding 1. Geographic Isolation 2. Reproductive Isolation MECHANISMS OF SPECIATION
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Results from barriers to successful breeding between population groups in the same area Prezygotic (temporal, behavioral, mechanical) Postzygotic (infertility, hybrids) REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION
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Allopatric – Block of gene flow is due to geographic barrier More common for small, isolated population Sympatric – Origin of new species without geographic isolation Large scale genetic changes that occur in a single generation MECHANISMS OF SPECIATION
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Graduated Equilibrium – differences appear little by little in populations Punctuate Equilibrium – long periods of little change interrupted by brief period of rapid change RATES OF SPECIATION
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{ Chapter 14.2 MACROEVOLUTION
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Macroevolution – evolutionary change above the species level Including: Origin of evolutionary novelty and new groups of species Impact of mass extinctions on diversity of life and its subsequent recovery MACROEVOLUTION
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Exaptation – structure can become adapted to alternative function Light weight bones of birds Evo-devo – evolutionary developmental biology Evolution of invertebrates to vertebrates Features that remain in adults from juvenile HOW DO NOVELTIES FORM?
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Geologic Time & Fossil Record Use the geologic time scale Radiometric dating Plate Tectonics Mass Extinctions 5 within last 540 my in which 50% or more of Earth’s species died out EARTH HISTORY & MACROEVOLUTION
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Did a meteor kill the Dinosaurs?
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