1. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Appendicular Skeleton  The Upper Limb

2. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Appendicular Skeleton  The appendicular skeleton is made up of the bones of the limbs and their girdles  Pectoral girdles attach the upper limbs to the body trunk  Pelvic girdle and the lower limbs

3. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Upper limb

4. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdles  The pectoral girdles: Consist of the clavicles anterior and the scapulae posterior.  They attach the upper limbs to the axial skeleton in a manner that allows for maximum movement.  They provide attachment points for muscles that move the upper limbs

5. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Pectoral Girdles (Shoulder Girdles)

6. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Clavicles (Collarbones)  The clavicles are slender, doubly-curved long bones subcutaneous bone lying across the superior thorax across the root of the neck The acmorial (lateral) Flat supro-inferior end articulates with the acromion process of the scapula. the Sternal (medial) end is rounded and articulates with the sternum (manubrium) and first costal cartilage They provide attachment points for numerous muscles, and act as braces to hold the scapulae and arms out laterally away from the body

7. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Shaft first costal cartilage attachment Concave Medial Convex Lateral Sub-clavius notch

8. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Clavicle Fracture Humeral head Acromion

9. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Scapulae (Shoulder Blades)  The scapulae are triangular, flat bones lying on the dorsal surface of the rib cage, between the second and seventh ribs  Has three borders and three angles  Major markings include the suprascapular notch, the supraspinous and infraspinous fossae, the spine, the acromion, and the coracoid process

10. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Scapulae (Shoulder Blades): Anterior Aspect

11. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Scapulae (Shoulder Blades) :Posterior Aspect

12. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Scapula (Lateral Aspect)  1.Coracoid Process  2. Glenoid Cavity  3. Scapular Spine  4. Acromion Process  5.Infraspinous Fossa  6. Inferior Angle  7.Lateral border

13. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

14. Shoulder: Axillary View

15. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Shoulder -- Internal Rotation

16. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Shoulder -- External Rotation

17. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Upper Limb  The upper limb consists of the arm (brachium), forearm (antebrachium), and hand (manus)  Thirty-seven bones form the skeletal framework of each upper limb

18. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Arm (The humerus)  The humerus is the sole bone of the arm  It articulates with the scapula at the shoulder, and the radius and ulna at the elbow  Major markings  Proximal humerus includes the head, anatomical and surgical necks, greater and lesser tubercles, and the intertubercular groove  Distal humerus includes the capitulum, trochlea, medial and lateral epicondyles, and the coronoid and olecranon fossae  Medial portion includes the radial groove and the deltoid process

19. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Arm bone (Humerus) Anterior View

20. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Arm bone (Humerus) Posterior View

21. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Humerous

22. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Forearm Bones P514 (the Radius and The Ulna)  The bones of the forearm are the radius and ulna  They articulate proximally with the humerus and distally with the wrist bones  They also articulate with each other proximally and distally at small radioulnar joints  Interosseous membrane connects the two bones along their entire length

23. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Ulna  The ulna lies medially in the forearm and is slightly longer than the radius  Forms the major portion of the elbow joint with the humerus  Its major markings include the olecranon, coronoid process, trochlear notch, radial notch, and the styloid process

24. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Ulna AnteriorPosterior

25. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Radius  The radius lies opposite (lateral to) the ulna and is thin at its proximal end, widened distally  The superior surface of the head articulates with the capitulum of the humerus  Medially, the head articulates with the radial notch of the ulna  Major markings include the radial tuberosity, ulnar notch, and styloid process

26. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Radius

27. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bones of the forearm

28. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Elbow: Lateral View

29. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Posterior aspectLateral aspect Elbow

30. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Elbow: Posterior View

31. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

35. - Colles’ fracture (outstretched hand) -Smith’s fracture (fall on the back of the hand)

36. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hand  Skeleton of the hand contains wrist bones (carpals 8), bones of the palm (metacarpals 5), and bones of the fingers (phalanges 14)

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39. The Hand

40. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

41. Scaphoid Bone Fracture  About 60 percent of all wrist fractures involve the scaphoid bone. The bone is shaped like a cashew nut and is located on the thumb side of the wrist close to the lower arm bone. Unfortunately, someone with a broken scaphoid may think the wrist is just sprained, because there is usually no obvious deformity and little swelling.  Symptoms include pain and tenderness on the thumb side of the wrist, pain when gripping and a deep, dull ache in the wrist.  Untreated scaphoid fractures often do not heal, which can eventually lead to wrist arthritis.

42. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Scaphoid bone Fracture

43. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings