1. The Levels of Visual Framing Lulu Rodriguez Daniela V Dimitrova Iowa State University

2. Introduction What is framing? ◦Goffman (1974) postulated that the context and organization of messages affect audiences’ subsequent thoughts and actions about those messages. ◦Entman (1993) said, “frames call attention to some aspects of reality while obscuring other elements, which might lead audiences to have different reactions”

3. The Importance of Visual Frames Textual vs. visual framing ◦Visual wins Images are powerful framing tools ◦Less intrusive than words ◦Require less cognitive load Visuals are good framing devices ◦ Obscuring issues & Overwhelming facts

4. Visual Framing Research Entman (1991) ◦Visuals, like text, can operate as framing devices Gamson and Stuart (1992) ◦Visuals offer “a number of different condensing symbols that suggest the core frame” of the issue Messaris and Abraham (2001) ◦Visuals have three distinguishing characteristics that pose both challenges and opportunities to their capacity to frame news issues and events

5. Visual Framing Research Messaris and Abraham (2001) ◦The analogical quality of images ◦The indexicality of images ◦The lack of an explicit propositional syntax in images

6. The Levels of Visual Framing Level 1: Visuals as denotative systems Level 2: Visuals as stylistic-semiotic systems Visual sensations or stimuli that activate the nerve cells in the eyes to convey information to the brain Barthes’ concept of “denotation,”; the question “who or what is being depicted here?” Encompasses the editorial and design conventions inherent in the presentation of visuals The stylistic conventions and technical transformations involved in representation

7. The Levels of Visual Framing Level 3: Visuals as connotative systems Level 4: Visuals as ideological representations Persons and objects shown in the visual not only denote a particular individual, thing or place, but also the ideas or concepts attached to them Visuals are examined more in terms of the type of sign—as symbols Barthes’s notion of “iconographical symbolism,” this level threshes out ideological meaning Ascertain those underlying principles which reveal the basic attitude of a nation, a period, a class, a religious or philosophical persuasion

8. The Four Framing Levels Applied

9. Level 1 1) Two women in the throes of misery 2) The child seems to be cowering in fear 3) A disaster brought by people’s cruelty to each other

10. The Four Framing Levels Applied Level 2 1) Photojournalism’s power to provide direct evidence of events 2) The child’s direct although partially covered gaze 3) The despairing hand- over-face gesture, bodily positions and stance 4) There is no great sense of physical proximity here

11. The Four Framing Levels Applied Level 3 1) The “ethnic” dress and swathed faces of women 2) The feminization of hunger and poverty 3) The obscured faces create symbolic anonymity 4) The child is barely clothed and is pictured barefoot

12. The Four Framing Levels Applied Level 4 1) Facilitate constructing a Eurocentric view of Africa and its people as economically and technologically weak 2) Victims of yet another armed uprising, military coup or natural disaster 3) Ignore the role of capitalism and the history of imperialism 4) Etch the images of the “Third World” in the viewers’ mindset

13. Conclusion Aim ◦offer an approach ◦extend framing Function ◦Can be applied to the study of both audience frames and media frames Advantage ◦compare findings across multiple visual analyses and offer conceptual consistency ◦better understand the effects of visual frames on audience frames