1. VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 1 Advanced Computer Architecture CS 704 Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1

2. VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 2 Introduction Prof. Dr. M. Ashraf Chughtai Advanced Computer Architecture

3. VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 3 Prerequisites Advanced Computer Architecture

4. VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 4 Computer System

5. VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 5 Computer Architecture Verses Organization

6. VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 6 Academic History 1944 Stored program concept

7. VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 7 Academic History 1945 ENIAC the World’s First operational calculator

8. VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 8 Academic History 1946 ISA machine 10 times faster than ENIAC

9. VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 9 Commercial History 1949 – 51 UNIVAC-I $1 Million

10. VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 10 Commercial History … Cont’d 1952 - 63 IBM-701 CDC 6600 CDC 6600PDP-8

11. VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 11 Microprocessors Work- station PC Server Massively Parallel Processors Mainframe Supercomputer Mini- supercomputer 1971 - 2006

12. VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 12 Course Focus Quantitative principle of computer design

13. VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 13 Course Focus Instruction set Architectures

14. VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 14 Course Focus Datapath and control

15. Course Focus Memory Hierarchy Design Main memory Main memory Cache Cache Hard drives Hard drives VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 15

16. VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 16 Course Focus Multiprocessor Architectures

17. VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 17 Course Focus Storage and I/O Systems

18. VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 18 Course Focus Computer Clusters

19. VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 19 Text Book Computer Architecture: A quantitative approach Hennessy J. L and Petterson D. A, 3 rd Ed. 2003, 4 th Ed. 2006

20. VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 20References Computer Organization and Design: The hardware/software interface Hennessy and Petterson

21. VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 21References Computer Organization and Architecture Stalling W. 6 th Edition Prentice Hall, 2003

22. VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 22References Research papers on Computer Design and Architecture IEEE and ACM conferences, transactions and journals

23. VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 23 Topic Coverage Fundamentals of Computer Design Ch. 1 Instruction Set Principles Ch. 2 Computer H/W Design (Review)(Lec. Notes/ App. A) Inst. Level Parallelism (Dynamic Approach) Ch. 3 Inst. Level Parallelism (Software approach) Ch. 4 Memory Hierarchy Design Ch. 5 I/O and Storage System Ch. 7 Interconnection Networks Ch. 8 and Ch.6 and multiprocessors and multiprocessors

24. VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 24 Course Style Research in the small

25. VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 25 Four Perspective of Computer Architecture Input/Output and Storage Memory Hierarchy Processor Design Multiprocessor and Network Interconnection

26. VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 26 Processor Design: Computer Architecture Perspective.. Cont’d Input/Output and Storage Memory Hierarchy Multiprocessor and Network Interconnection Processor Design Pipelining, Instruction Level Parallelism, Hazard Resolution, Superscalar, Reordering, Prediction, Speculation, Vector, DSP Addressing modes and Protection VLSI L1 Cache Instruction Set Architecture Cache design, block size and associativity

27. VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 27 Memory Hierarchy: Computer Architecture Perspective..Cont’d Input/Output and Storage Memory Hierarchy Multiprocessor and Network Interconnection Pipelining, ILP etc. Processor Design L1 Cache Instruction Set Arch. L2 Cache DRAM Coherence, Bandwidth, Latency Emerging Technologies Interleaving Bus protocols Virtual Memory

28. VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 28 I/O and Storage : Computer Architecture Perspective Multiprocessor and Network Interconnection Pipelining, ILP etc. Processor Design L1 Cache Instruction Set Arch. Memory Hierarchy L2 Cache DRAM Input/Output and Storage Disks and Tape RAID

29. VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 29 Multiprocessor and Networks: Computer Architecture Perspective Pipelining, ILP etc. Processor Design L1 Cache Instruction Set Arch. Memory Hierarchy L2 Cache DRAM Input/Output and Storage Disks, WORM, Tape RAID Multiprocessor and Network Interconnection Shared memory PMPP P ….. Interconnecting network Network switches Routing, bandwidth, latency

30. VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 30 Computer Design Cycle Performance Technology and Cost

31. VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 31 Computer Design Cycle Evaluate Existing Systems for Bottlenecks Benchmarks Performance Technology and cost The computer design is evaluated for bottlenecks using certain benchmarks to achieve the optimum performance.. 1

32. VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 32 Performance (Metric) ….Design cycle cont’d Time/Latency: The wall clock or CPU elapsed time. Throughput: The number of results per second. Other measures such as MIPS, MFLOPS, clock frequency (MHz), cache size do not make any sense.

33. VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 33 Performance (Measuring Tools) … Design Cycle Cont’d : Benchmarks: Cost, delay, area, power consumption Hardware: Cost, delay, area, power consumption Simulation (at levels - ISA, RT, Gate, Circuit) Queuing Theory Rules of Thumb Fundamental “Laws”/Principles

34. VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 34 Computer Design Cycle Evaluate Existing Systems for Bottlenecks using Benchmarks 1: Performance Simulate New Designs and Organizations Workloads 2: Technology The Technology Trends motivate new designs. These designs are simulated to evaluate the performance for different levels of workloads. Simulation helps in keeping the result verification

35. VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 35 Technology Trends: Computer Generations Vacuum tube 1946-1957 1 st Gen. Transistor -1958-1964 2 nd Gen. Small scale integration 1965-1968 –Up to 100 devices/chip Medium scale integration 1969-1971 3 rd Gen. –100-3,000 devices/chip Large scale integration 1972-1977 –3,000 - 100,000 devices/chip Very large scale integration 1978 on.. 4 th Gen. –100,000 - 100,000,000 devices/chip Ultra large scale integration –Over 100,000,000 devices/chip

36. VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 36 Technology Trends: Processor Transistor density

37. VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 37 Technology Trends: Processor Performance

38. VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 38 Computer Design Cycle Implement Next Generation System Implementation Complexity 3: Cost 1: Performance 2: Technology The systems are implemented using the latest technology to obtain cost effective, high performance solution - the implementation complexities are given due consideration

39. VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 39 Price Verses Cost The relationship between cost and price is complex one The cost is the total amount spends to produce a product The price is the amount for which a finished good is sold. The cost passes through different stages before it becomes price. A small change in cost may have a big impact on price

40. VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 40 Thank You and Aslamu-a-Lacum