1. Cause of French & Indian War
Study the map and describe one cause of the French and Indian War?

2. Causes of French & Indian War
Population and Economic Push
From the Diagram, list two causes of the French and Indian War?

3. The French and Indian Wars are Combination of Wars
The Seven Years War
King William's War
Queen Anne’s War
King George’s War
The French and Indian War
Remember, rivalries in Europe always spill over into the Colonies.

4. Causes 1. Competition over the Forks of the Ohio River
2. Conflict of interests in trade
3. Competition for the business of Native Americans
4. Traditional conflict between French and British
5. Many wars back in Europe increase tensions

5. The Battle of Fort Necessity
The French set up forts along to protect their fur trading interests.
Some of these forts conflicted with English claims.
Virginia Governor Dinwiddie dispatched a young George Washington in 1753 to deliver a protest to the French. This protest was ignored.
The British sent a party to construct a fort on the site of modern Pittsburg.
Young George Washington

6. The Battle of Fort Necessity
A recreation of Ft. Necessity.
The force was driven off by the French who, in turn, constructed Fort Duquesne on the site.
The next year, Dinwiddie turned to Washington to expel the French from the site. Washington was quickly overwhelmed by superior French and Native American numbers.
Washington had to retreat to the hastily constructed Fort Necessity, which he had to surrender shortly there after. This incident was a prelude to the French and Indian War.

8. Albany Plan of Union
The Albany Plan of Union, proposed by Benjamin Franklin and Massachusetts governor Thomas Hutchinson, called for colonial unity in the face of the coming war with France.

9. The Grand Council would:
The Albany Plan of Union called for a Grand Council with representatives from each colony.
The Grand Council would:
- make laws
- raise taxes
- defend the colonies
None of the colonies approved the plan out of fear of losing power.
* The Albany Plan of Union set an example that would later be followed by such gatherings as the First and Second Continental Congress.

10. General Braddock to the Rescue
Mission: To rid the Ohio Valley of the French Invaders.
Strength: 1400 British Regulars; smaller number of Colonial Militia

12. The French and Indian War Braddock Marches to Duquesne
June 1755: Braddock sets out from Virginia with about 1,400 red-coated British troops and a smaller number of blue-coated colonial militias including George Washington as one of his aids
Braddock’s army took several weeks to trek through dense forest to Fort Duquesne
They marched in columns and rows, and took time out everyday to sit and have tea

13. Braddock “halted to level every mole hill and to erect bridges over every brook by which means we were four days getting twelve miles” (Washington)
Braddock’s Dilemma: Tried to fight a European style war in the wilderness of Pennsylvania.

16. The French and Indian War Braddock Marches to Duquesne
July 9, 1755: Native American Warriors and French troops ambushed Braddock and his men
The French and Native Americans hid behind trees and fired at the bright uniforms of the British
The British confused and frightened could not even see their attackers
The British lost badly loosing nearly 1,000 soldiers including their Commander in Chief General Edward Braddock

17. Braddock's Misson Failed to secure Ft. Duquesne.
Suffered over 1000 Casualties, including himself.
Washington to the rescue again.

18. 1756  War Is Formally Declared!
Lord Loudouin
Marquis de Montcalm
Native American tribes exploited both sides!

19. The French and Indian War
1756: The fighting in America leads to the start of a war in Europe between the French and English known as the Seven Years War
The first years of the war went terrible for the British and their American colonies
The French captured several British forts including forts at Lake Ontario and Lake George
Frances Native American allies began staging raids on frontier farms from New York to what is now West Virginia
They killed settlers, burned farmhouses and crops, and chased many families back to the coast

20. New Direction and More Troops Needed
Braddock Bungles
French Forge
Ahead in Upstate
New York
Frontier Settlements
Abandoned
New Direction and More Troops Needed

21. British-American Colonial Tensions
Colonials
British
Methods of Fighting:
Indian-style guerilla tactics.
March in formation or bayonet charge.
Military Organization:
Col. militias served under own captains.
Br. officers wanted to take charge of colonials.
Military Discipline:
No mil. deference or protocols observed.
Drills & tough discipline.
Finances:
Resistance to rising taxes.
Colonists should pay for their own defense.
Demeanor:
Casual, non-professionals.
Prima Donna Br. officers with servants & tea settings.

22. Rising Star Selected to Secretary of State
Treasure to be used to secure the Colonies
Wanted:
New Officers for a new type of war.

23. William Pitt
The right man, at the right time, and in the right place can make all the difference.
Secretary of State
Prime Minister
Military Logistician
Excellent Judge of Military Commanders
Global Thinker

24. Fortunes Reverse
In 1757, expansion advocate William Pitt became the British Prime Minister and vowed to lead country to victory.
William Pitt was an outstanding military commander who knew how to pick skilled commanders and oversaw the war effort from London
Pitt concentrated on:
expelling the French from North America
buying the cooperation by the colonists by stimulating the North American economy with a massive infusion of British currency
buying the support of the Native Americans with promises of fixed territorial boundaries.

25. The British Turn the Tide
With added money support the British begin to take the lead
Begin working to take fort by fort
1758: Amherst and Wolfe recaptured the fortress at Louisbourg
That same year British officers captured Fort Frontenac at Lake Ontario, and recaptured Fort Duquesne (renaming it Fort Pitt)
French begin to give up forts around the Great Lakes and move back to New France
The Iroquois shift their allegiance to the British believing the French cause was hopeless

26. The French and Indian War The Battle of Quebec
September 1759: British general James Wolfe finds a way to attack the capital of New France Quebec
Perched high on a cliff overlooking the St. Lawrence River the capital was thought of as impossible to attack
A scout for Wolfe found a poorly guarded path up the back of the cliff
Wolfes soldiers overwhelmed the guards on the path and scrambled up it at night
They waited outside the fort on a field called the Plains of Abraham
Here they surprised and defeated the French Army
James Wolfe died in the battle

28. The French and Indian War The Treaty of Paris
After the fall of Quebec a year later the French took another devastating loss when General Amherst captured Montreal
This brought an end to the fighting in North American
1763: The Treaty of Paris marked the end of France as a power in North America
The continent was now divided between Great Britain and Spain with the Mississippi River marking the boundary
Native Americans still living on the lands and were not given a section of it by the European agreement

29. 1763  Treaty of Paris
France --> lost her Canadian possessions, most of her empire in India, and claims to lands east of the Mississippi River.
Spain --> got all French lands west of the Mississippi River, New Orleans, but lost Florida to England.
England --> got all French lands in Canada, exclusive rights to Caribbean slave trade, and commercial dominance in India.

30. North America in 1763

31. Peace Treaties Lead to War
Question: Who is especially unhappy about the French loss?
The Native Americans.
British Trappers and Settlers refuse to pay Native Americans for the use of the land.
Chief Pontiac puts together a Native American Alliance and strikes back at the British.
Pontiac fails to capture key terrain.
Pontiac’s War ends in 1765.

32. Cause of the American Revolution
Pitt decides to fund the war through the British Treasury and through loans. This relieves the American colonists from fronting the bill for the war. However, after the war is over, Britain must settle its debts and pay for a standing army in America. In order to do this they decide to have the colonists bear some of the burden for their own defense.

33. Cause of the American Revolution
The Proclamation of 1763
Proclaimed that land west of the Appalachian Mountains temporarily off limits to settlements.
British Halt Westward Expansion to minimize costs in maintaining a military force to secure the Frontier.
Colonists upset. Especially those who had bought shares in companies or bought land in the newly captured territories.
However, this does create a fragile peace between the British and the Native Americans.