3. 1.The two main jobs of the stem is: SUPPORT THE PLANT TRANSPORT FOOD AND WATER

4. 2.Why is the stem considered the middle of the plant? “The stem connects the roots to the leaves”

5. 3. What role does the stem play in the movement of materials between the roots and the leaves?

6. 3a. The vascular cells in the roots connect to the vascular cells in the stem which in turn connect to the vascular cells in the leaves.

7. 4. What is the function of the xylem cells? The XYLEM cells transports water throughout the plant.

8. 5.How are the xylem cells arranged in the plant? ROOT XYLEM STEM XYLEM STALK XYLEM LEAF XYLEM

9. 6. How does water and minerals get from the ground to the leaves? (a)The minerals dissolve in the water. (b)The water is absorbed into the root xylem cells and moves on up by diffusion.

10. 7. How is food produced? Food is produced by photosynthesis within the leaves.

11. 8. How does the food get from the leaves to the other parts of the plant? Sugar is taken in by the phloem cells in the leaf veins and moved by other phloem cells to the rest of the plant.

12. 9. What process controls all movement of materials in the stem? DIFFUSION

13. 10. What two things may be stored in the stem? SUGAR (FOOD) WATER

14. 11. Why do some plants store these materials in their stem?.

15. Food is stored in the stem to nourish the stem and to be an emergency supply for the rest of the plant Water is stored so that it can provide TURGER and be used in photosynthesis.

16. 12. What is Turger? “Plant strength due to high water pressure within the plant.” 13. How does a plant achieve Turger? “By maintaining a high amount of water within its xylem cells.”

17. 14. How can plants like the cactus survive the extreme dryness of the desert? Cactus STORE large amounts of water within their STEMS so it can be used in photosynthesis during the dry seasons.

18. 15. What was the ORIGINAL purpose of the food that the plant stores within its stems? “The original plan was for the plant to SURVIVE on this stored food until it could make some more.”

19. 16. HERBACEOUS PLANTS (a)Describe the stem: SOFT, GREEN STEM (b) How tall do they grow? Maximum height is about 2 meters (6 feet)

20. HERBACEOUS STEMS 16c. Why do herbaceous stems maintain this height? Their stems do not have enough xylem cells to provide the necessary water which gives a plant its turger strength.

21. HERBACEOUS PLANTS 16d. Which type of cells provide support for the plant? XYLEM

22. Herbaceous plants 16e. How does the amount of these “support” cells affect the height of the plant? More xylem--higher plants Less xylem---shorter plants

23. 16f. What is the difference between a DICOTYLEDON and a MONOCOTYLEDON stem? The veins come up through these stems with different patterns.

24. 16g. Draw and describe a Monocotyledon stem:

25. 16h. Draw and describe a dicotyledon cross section.

26. 16i. What is the function of the CORTEX CELLS? FOOD STORAGE

27. 16J. What is the texture of the cortex cells in a herbaceous stem? SOFT AND SPONGY

28. 17. What is a WOODY STEM? A non-green stem that grows to be thick and hard.

29. 18. List two examples of plants with a woody stem: PINE TREE OAK TREE

30. 19. Define Bark: THE ROUGH OUTER COATING OF A WOODY STEM

31. 20. What is the function of the bark? To protect the tree from insects

32. 21. Trees can be identified by three distinct bark patterns: ROUGH SMOOTH SCALEY

33. Put the following drawing on the back of your paper.

34. Draw, color, and label the 5 different cell layers found in a woody stem:

35. 22. Identify the cell layers in a woody stem: Protection Food storage Food transport Make cells Water Transport

36. The layers of a woody stem from bark to bark: (insert!)

37. 23. List the layers of the inner bark: Cork—Cortex– Phloem--Cambium

38. 24. The WOOD itself is made of what kind of cells? XYLEM

39. 25. What is the difference in stem growth in woody and herbaceous plants?.

40. Herbaceous plants grow QUICKLY, but only one growing season. Woody plants grow SLOWLY, but for MANY growing seasons

41. 26. Plant growth may range from 15 cm up to 6 m per growing season.

42. 27. Define TERMINAL BUD:

43. 27. Answer: The Terminal Bud is at the top of the plant. Plant grows taller at the Terminal Bud

44. 28. Sketch a picture of a plant with a TERMINAL bud, label the terminal bud, and tell what is happening:

45. The plant is growing taller from the terminal bud.

46. 29. Draw a sketch of a lateral bud, explain what is going to happen to this plant:

47. 29. Answer: Lateral Bud It begins to Bush out!

48. 30. Draw a cross section of a woody stem:

50. Pops Note!. What are GROWTH RINGS?

51. Growth Rings are NEW XYLEM CELLS THAT THE TREE MAKES.

52. 31. How often does a tree make a new growth ring? Twice a year!

53. 32. When is the biggest ring created? Why?

54. THICK RING FORMS IN THE SPRING When there is a lot of rain.

55. 33. When is the smallest ring crated? Why ?

56. 33. The narrow ring is formed in the fall when there is not as much rain.

57. 34. Explain how you could tell how old the tree was if it was chopped down:

58. 36. Count the TOTAL NUMBER of rings and divide by two.

59. 35. How could you determine the age of the tree if YOU DID NOT CHOP IT DOWN?

60. 35 Use a special drill to take a core Sample, then count the rings On the sample.

61. 36. Name the process that plants use to get the water out of the ground:

62. 36 ABSORPTION

63. 37. Draw a plant in the ground. Label the Primary root, secondary root, and the root hairs.

64. 37

65. 38. Explain the arrangement of the different structures that make up the plant root.

66. 38 Primary root grows out of the seed first. Secondary roots grow off the primary root. Root hairs grow off the secondary root.

67. 39. Explain why the root hairs are such a vital part of the plant’s survival: Water enters the roots through the root hairs.

68. 40. How should a person move a plant to a new location? Dig around the plant, and move soil and all

69. 41. Why should a person NEVER pull up a plant if he intends to transplant it? THE PULLING ACTION WILL STRIP AWAY THE ROOT HAIRS, AND THE PLANT WILL DIE

70. 42. Explain how farmers aerate the soil, and explain why this is a necessary process :

71. 42. The soil is broken up by hand tools or plows to allow air and water to get into the soil around the root hairs.

72. 43. Why do some plants have cortex cells in their roots?

73. 43. To protect their stored food from predators. 44. Ex. Potatoes, onions

74. 45. Explain the role that the roots have in anchoring the plant to the ground. How does this help hold soil in place?

75. 45. Roots grow deep into the soil and grab hold. Plant stays put. The soil gets tangled up in the root mass and the soil stays put.

76. 46. What is a TAP ROOT?

77. 46. A LARGE SINGLE ROOT THAT GROWS STRAIGHT DOWN INTO THE GROUND

78. 47. What are the 3 roles of the tap root? Store food Anchor plant Seek water

79. 48. Why is it difficult to get rid of a weed that has a tap root?

80. 48. The root will usually break off before it comes up. The plant will then just grow back.

81. 49. List three plants that have taproots that people use as a food source: onion, radish, carrot, turnip

82. 50. List two trees that have taproots: Pine and oak

83. 51. Fibrous roots: (a)How do they grow? Roots do not grow deep. They spread out just below the surface.

84. 52b. What do fibrous roots look like? b. Long, stringy roots c. spread out and travel long distances.

85. d. A tree that has fibrous roots: Maple and Pecan

86. 52. Which will fight erosion the best? Taproots or Fibrous? FIBROUS

87. 53. Draw a carrot and label the xylem, phloem, epidermis, and cortex layers.

88. 53

89. 54. Define the following root terms: Epidermis= skin, for protection Cortex = food storage Xylem = water transport Phloem = food transport

90. 55. Explain how the new plant begins to grow: Seed burst open! Primary Root crawls out Secondary roots branch Root hairs sprout

91. 56. List the steps of root development:

92. Primary root grows first. The secondary roots grow from the primary roots. The root hairs branch out from the secondary roots.

93. 57.. Where does root growth occur? At the tip end of the root = ROOT TIP To keep from getting knocked around by the rocks and stuff, the root tip is covered by a ROOT CAP!

94. 58. Why is there more plant UNDER ground than there is ABOVE ground? There is a lot MORE of the roots than there is of the stem and leaves.

95. 59. How are stems used? Wood Paper Food Seasonings Products like rubber and Turpentine

96. 60. How are Roots used by people? Food, syrup, sassafras tea, seasonings Products like perfumes, medicines Fight EROSION

97. 61. Explain two ways that roots cause damage: Break up cement Clog pipes