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air pressure at mouth (Pmouth)
Flow = Pmouth – Palv Raw resistance to flow of air in airways (Raw) air pressure in alveoli (Palv)
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760 mmHg 756 mmHg Atmospheric pressure Intra-alveolar pressure Intrapleural pressure
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0 mmHg - 4 mmHg Atmospheric pressure Intra-alveolar pressure Intrapleural pressure BEFORE INSPIRATION
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Air flows in Atmospheric pressure 0 mmHg Intra-alveolar pressure
Intrapleural pressure - 6 mmHg DURING INSPIRATION -1 mmHg Air flows in
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Air flows out Atmospheric pressure 0 mmHg Intra-alveolar pressure
Intrapleural pressure DURING EXPIRATION Air flows out
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Air flows out rapidly Patm = 0 mmHg MAXIMAL FORCED EXPIRATION +16 +26
+31 +16 MAXIMAL FORCED EXPIRATION Air flows out rapidly 9
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Patm Pmouth Plung = Ptp = Palv - Ppl outward recoil of chest wall Palv
inward recoil of lung Plung = Ptp = Palv - Ppl Pmouth
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Equal Pressure Point Patm = 0 mmHg Cartilaginous airways
+26 +31 +12 +15 Cartilaginous airways +28 +14 MAXIMAL FORCED EXPIRATION OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE Equal Pressure Point 9
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NORMAL QUIET BREATHING
Ppump = 5 mmHg - 4 +6 +5.5 Large airways NORMAL QUIET BREATHING
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stroke volume airways resistance restrictive lung diseases = harder to expand stiff lungs obstructive lung diseases = reduced flow through narrow airways
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bronchioles constricted and inflammatory response
ASTHMA
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deoxygenated blood flows from right ventricle to lungs via pulmonary arteries (12 mmHg)
oxygenated blood flows from lungs to left atrium via pulmonary veins (8 mmHg)
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initial pulmonary vasculature
recruitment distension initial pulmonary vasculature
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Blood that doesn’t gain oxygen Air that doesn’t lose oxygen
arterial O2 = 95 mmHg expired O2 = 118 mmHg inspired O2 = 148 mmHg venous O2 = 40 mmHg Dead space ventilation Venous admixture (shunt) O2 = 102 mmHg Alveolar capillary membrane End-pulmonary blood “WASTED BLOOD” Blood that doesn’t gain oxygen “WASTED AIR” Air that doesn’t lose oxygen Air side Blood side
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Trachea Airspace Alveolar wall O2 Interstitial space Capillary Blood
CO2 Trachea Alveolar wall Capillary Interstitial space Airspace Blood
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CO2 VENOUS ARTERIAL BLOOD O2 O2 = 150 mmHg, CO2= 0 mmHg CO2 = 40 mmHg
Tissues Pulmonary arteries veins VENOUS BLOOD ARTERIAL CO2 O2 O2 = 150 mmHg, CO2= 0 mmHg O2 = 100 mmHg CO2 = 40 mmHg O2 = 40 mmHg CO2 = 46 mmHg O2 = CO2 =
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alveolus buildup of alveolar water = alveolar lymph drainage
hydrostatic pressure colloid osmotic buildup of interstitial water = interstitial pulmonary edema alveolus capillary wall lymph drainage buildup of alveolar water = alveolar
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afferent arteriole efferent arteriole GLOMERULUS normal flow normal flow normal pressure normal filtration TUBULE
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afferent arteriole efferent arteriole GLOMERULUS normal flow decreased pressure decreased filtration decreased flow TUBULE
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afferent arteriole efferent arteriole GLOMERULUS normal flow decreased flow increased filtration increased pressure TUBULE
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EXOCYTOSIS H2O Distal Tubular Lumen ENDOCYTOSIS Basal high medullary
cAMP PKA Ca PKC PG H2O ? EXOCYTOSIS ENDOCYTOSIS Distal Tubular Lumen Basal ADH = vesicles containing water channels high medullary osmotic gradient
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