1. By: Rian Shepherd and Dominique Montoya

2. Caused by the weakness of Europe due to WWII Lead to the end of European rule

3. African Independence Movements: Able to obtain independence through a combination of the efforts of African nationalist movements and Europe’s weakness following World War II Often, violence was the only means of achieving independence in East and Central Africa In certain areas of Africa, independence movements made by the natives were made easier due to internal conflict among the white settlers African Independence

4. Asian Independence Movements: Independence movements most graphically played out in southern and Southeast Asia July 4, 1946: The Philippines became an independent republic Many other independence movements made by the different countries in Southeast Asia against European countries, such as the Dutch, were suppressed The greatest leader of Indian independence was Mohandas K. Gandhi India received its independence in 1947 It wasn’t until many years later that the rest of the continent attained its independence

5. Caused by: Internal contradictions Economic and political problems Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev: perestroika (economic restructuring) and glasnost (which aimed to liberalize freedom of the press, and allow freedom of dissent)

6. Results: New conflicts and problems within many other countries Brought forth the prospect of ethnic cleansing along with other social problems Caused much political uncertainty throughout Europe

7. The United Nations: Brought together diverse countries to form international ties and alliances Was formed to help solve international problems and affairs Was less than effective in many of its attempts to keep international conflicts from turning into wars, but it has had some moderate successes

8. The Olympics: Have been a way for the world to come together for centuries Have helped very different countries come together to form and strengthen international relationships Have helped to recognize and appreciate cultural differences and similarities

9. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO): An alliance of 26 countries from North America and Europe committed to fulfilling the goals of the North Atlantic Treaty Safeguards the freedom and security of its member countries by political and military means Provides a forum in which member countries can consult on security issues of common concern and take action in addressing them.

10. Warsaw Pact: The treaty is officially known as the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance An organization of communist states in Central and Eastern Europe This treaty was in response to the NATO treaty, in that there was a political Consultative Committee, followed by a civilian secretary general, along with similar positions down the line Members pledged to defend each other if one or more of the members were attacked

11. Geneva Convention: Consist of four treaties formulated in Geneva, Switzerland, that set the standards for international law for humanitarian concerns Chiefly concerns the treatment of non-combatants and prisoners of war All four conventions were last revised and ratified in 1949. Later conferences have added provisions prohibiting certain methods of warfare and addressing issues of civil wars. Nearly all 200 countries of the world are "signatory" nations, in that they have ratified these conventions. Original Document of the Geneva Convention

12. Geneva Conventions Timeline

13. Terrorism is a real threat to all nations in the world. Wherever there are different groups of people, there are sure to be conflicting ideas

14. Political Systems: Terrorism has been used by a broad array of political organizations in furthering their objectives; both right-wing and left-wing political parties, nationalistic, and religious groups, revolutionaries and ruling governments In our modern day society, terrorism has become something talked about by the world. It has heightened the fear in the people of the affected countries and has caused much political tension among the nations of the world

15. Economic Systems: Increased costs in security can cause companies to fall on economic hard time ultimately decreasing the value of their stocks and hurting shareholders Fear can often lead to erratic stock market behavior. Those that play the stock market are looking for predictability and a terrorist attack provides anything but a stable market The reaction of the market to a terrorist attack is an immediate downturn, but the initial panic, fear, and shock do wear off. This has historically resulted in markets recovering from their short term slumps and even going on to long term bull periods

16. Social Systems: By creating international tensions between countries and governments, terrorism has effected countries and their individual social systems greatly through strengthening and weakening international bonds Political and Social systems have many of the same concerns about terrorism because countries need the political bonds that come through social connections to thrive as an independent government Terrorists strike at the point where it would cause the most havoc and have the largest impact on a country. This results in countries having to question other countries’ stand points and form and strengthen bonds with allies and neutral countries