1. March 13, 2012 Winston Knoll Collegiate

2. The Fur Trade occurred mainly during the 1600’s between European explorer’s and First Nations, including the Métis. Métis and First Nations would acquire furs and trade them with European explorers in order to obtain other goods. Other goods included: cloth, guns, gunpowder, silverware, Marriages were also included in some of the trades

3. Treaty of Paris in 1763. Ended the Seven’s Years War between France and England. Proclaimed that France would surrender all North American lands to England. First Nations saw this news as good news, because they hoped now that the French had given up their lands, that the British would help to protect the encroachment upon First Nations lands.

4. King George III created and signed. Addresses grievances First Nations had regarding encroachment of their traditional lands and the respect they wanted for their land rights. The Crown wanted nothing more than peaceful and orderly acquisition of Rupert’s Land, this was the best way of doing so. Terra nullius – meaning unoccupied lands. Considered to be the strongest guarantee of First Nations land rights.

5. Important dimensions: Recognized First Nations title to lands not already colonized. Specified that only British government could buy First Nations lands or negotiate treaties. Established a precedent for obtaining lands: had to be surrendered or purchased through a formal agreement. Used the terms “nations or tribes of Indians” which implies that the British government recognized the First Nations as sovereign nations.

6. New model for negotiating treaties in Canada. Developed by William B. Robinson. All signed in what is now Ontario, near the Great Lakes between the Iroquois and the Euro-Canadians settling there. Set new precendents: Setting aside reserve lands in exchange for the title to the remaining Indian lands Annuities instead of “lump sum” payments Developed the rights for First Nations to hunt and fish over ceded territory to continue to make a living, as long as the lands were not occupied by the government or a private enterprise

7. Euro-Canadians gained the access to the lands in Western Canada through the Treaties. Lands lived on in Ontario and Quebec were either not formally negotiated with First Nations or were taken over without consultation. Western Canada lands are all covered in Treaties because this is where the majority of First Nations peoples lived and where Canadian settlement was required in order to prevent Americans from taking over the lands.