2. Unit 13: Organic Chemistry RB Topic 10

3. I. Organic chemistry - the study of CARBON and carbon compounds - MILLIONS of organic compounds…WHY?  the Carbon atom - has 4 valence e – ’s - can form 4 COVALENT bonds (SHARING e – ’s)

5. II. Properties of O RGANIC C OMPOUNDS Contain CARBON and usually HYDROGEN sometimes O, N, or halogens (F,Cl,Br,I) Ex: C 4 H 10, C 6 H 12 O 6, CH 5 N Are GENERALLY NONPOLAR MOLECULES weak intermolecular forces of attraction low melting and boiling points HIGH vapor pressures (volatile) low solubility (insoluble) in water

6. Four Ways to Write Formulas 1.Molecular Formula - shows kind and # of atoms Ex: C 2 H 6 2. Empirical Formula - simplest ratio Ex: CH 3

7. 3. Structural Formula - shows electrons (bonds) as lines and dots 4. Condensed Formula - shows order of atoms in molecule Ex: CH 3 CH 3

8. PropertyButane2-methylpropane Colorcolorless Melting point-138 ºC-160 ºC Boiling point-1 °C-11.7~°C Solubility in water6.1 mg/100 mL waterinsoluble Flammability/Reactivity with oxygen Highly flammableFlammable Shown below are a table of the physical and chemical properties and the structural formulas of butane and 2-methylpropane. How are these two compounds different? How are they similar? Also: Compare the % composition of C and H in butane and in 2- methylpropane:

9. Isomers!: organic compounds with the same molecular formula, but different structures

10. *** As the number of carbon atoms in a compound increases, so does the number of possible isomers*** Q: Which has more isomers – C 6 H 14 or C 10 H 22 ?

11. Naming & Drawing Hydrocarbons

12. Organic Functional Groups (Table R)

13. Quiz on Naming pentamide chloropropane5 2 3 4 1

14. IV. Seven Types of Organic Chemical Reactions Polymerization making a macromolecule (huge molecule) by bonding lots of small compounds together P. Polymerization : making a macromolecule (huge molecule) by bonding lots of small compounds together Ex: nC 2 H 2 → (C 2 H 2 )n Natural PolymersSynthetic Polymers cellulosenylon ● cellulose● nylon starchrayon ● starch● rayon proteins polyethylene (plastic) ● proteins● polyethylene (plastic)

15. Substitution S. Substitution: H atom replaced with another atom or functional group *SATURATED hydrocarbons (alkanes) ONLY* Ex: C 2 H 6 + Cl 2 → C 2 H 5 Cl + HCl

16. Fermentation F. Fermentation: sugar is broken down into an alcohol and carbon dioxide this is how beer, wine, and bread are made yeast do this – this is how beer, wine, and bread are made Ex: __ C 6 H 12 O 6 → __ C 2 H 5 OH + __ CO 2

17. A. Addition: adding one or more atoms to a double or triple bond * UNSATURATED hydrocarbons (alkenes, alkynes) ONLY* Ex: C 2 H 4 + Cl 2 → C 2 H 4 Cl 2

18. Ex: C 2 H 4 + H 2 → C 2 H 6

19. C. Combustion: burning *oxygen (O 2 ) must be present for combustion* 1. Complete Combustion: lots of oxygen available produces carbon Dioxide and water Don’t write Ex: Write the balanced equation for the complete combustion of 1 mole of propane.

20. 2. Incomplete Combustion:not enough O 2 present produces carbon MONoxide and water Don’t write Ex: Write the balanced equation for the incomplete combustion of 2 moles of butane

21. Esterification E. Esterification: making an ester organic acid + alcohol  ester + water Word Equation: organic acid + alcohol  ester + water Chem Eq : CH 3 COOH + CH 3 OH  CH 3 COOCH 3 + H 2 O

22. S. Saponification: making soap Word Equation: ester + base  alcohol + soap

23. S UMMARY : 5 M AJOR T YPES OF C HEMICAL R EACTIONS 1.……………………………………… 2.……………………………………… 3.……………………………………… 4.……………………………………… 5. ………………………………………