1. Animal Farm By George Orwell “All animals are equal, but some are more equal than others.” Allegory - Satire

2. Things are about to get a little strange on Manor Farm. Things are about to get a little strange on Manor Farm. Farmer Jones has just locked up the henhouse and stumbled off to bed, thinking all is well in his barnyard. Farmer Jones has just locked up the henhouse and stumbled off to bed, thinking all is well in his barnyard. He probably wouldn’t believe the events that are about to unfold in the barn. He probably wouldn’t believe the events that are about to unfold in the barn.

3. Old Major, Mr. Jones’s prize-winning boar, has just gathered the animals together for a meeting. Old Major, Mr. Jones’s prize-winning boar, has just gathered the animals together for a meeting. Pigs, hens, horses, dogs, ducks, and goats congregate to listen to Old Major share his dream. Pigs, hens, horses, dogs, ducks, and goats congregate to listen to Old Major share his dream.

4. Humans are the enemy, Old Major tells his fellow farm animals. They produce nothing, yet they own everything. Humans are the enemy, Old Major tells his fellow farm animals. They produce nothing, yet they own everything. Animals, however, work their whole lives for their masters. They receive only enough food to keep them working. Animals, however, work their whole lives for their masters. They receive only enough food to keep them working.

5. Old Major believes that someday this will all change. Old Major believes that someday this will all change. Animals will work together to overthrow their oppressors. Animals will work together to overthrow their oppressors. Animals will create their own farm where they will live and work in harmony, plenty, and equality. Animals will create their own farm where they will live and work in harmony, plenty, and equality. The days of slavery will end. The days of slavery will end. The rebellion will come. The rebellion will come. Every animal must be ready! Every animal must be ready!

6. Will Manor Farm become the first true … Animal Farm?!

7. Capitalism An economic system characterized by: –Private or corporate ownership of resources and means of production –prices, production, and the distribution of goods that are determined mainly by competition in a free market Goal is to use profits to expand business thus creating more jobs and wealth Distribution of profits is determined by owners –Often results in the rich getting richer and the poor getting poorer

8. Socialism the means of production, distribution and exchange are mostly owned by the state, and used, in theory, on behalf of the people the means of production, distribution and exchange are mostly owned by the state, and used, in theory, on behalf of the people Belief that capitalism is unfair because it concentrates wealth in a few hands and doesn’t protect the overall welfare of the majority Belief that capitalism is unfair because it concentrates wealth in a few hands and doesn’t protect the overall welfare of the majority Therefore, the state redistributes the wealth of society in a more equitable way, according to the judgment of the legislator Therefore, the state redistributes the wealth of society in a more equitable way, according to the judgment of the legislator

9. Communism A system of government characterized by: A system of government characterized by: – collective ownership of property (both material and intellectual) – collective ownership of property (both material and intellectual) –organization of labor for the advantage of all members –organization of labor for the advantage of all members –Goal of erasing inequalities in the possession of property, by distributing all wealth equally to all –Goal of erasing inequalities in the possession of property, by distributing all wealth equally to all “From each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs.” “From each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs.”

10. Totalitarianism A form of government with a strong central rule that attempts to control individuals by means of violence or repression. A form of government with a strong central rule that attempts to control individuals by means of violence or repression. The government pursues a specific goal no matter the cost to others. The government pursues a specific goal no matter the cost to others. Participation in government-approved organizations becomes required. Participation in government-approved organizations becomes required. Large-scale violence is often used to protect the government’s ideas and achieve its goals. Large-scale violence is often used to protect the government’s ideas and achieve its goals. Groups of individuals are singled out and blamed for the government’s troubles. They are persecuted or killed. Groups of individuals are singled out and blamed for the government’s troubles. They are persecuted or killed.

11. George Orwell and His Beliefs George Orwell wrote Animal Farm between November 1943 and February 1944. George Orwell wrote Animal Farm between November 1943 and February 1944. He was angry that people in Europe admired Soviet Russia. He was angry that people in Europe admired Soviet Russia. He viewed socialists and communists as repressive and self-serving. He viewed socialists and communists as repressive and self-serving. He was skeptical of governments and their willingness to forsake ideas in favor of power. He was skeptical of governments and their willingness to forsake ideas in favor of power.

12. Why Animals? In explaining how he came to write Animal Farm, Orwell says he once saw a little boy whipping a horse and later he wrote, In explaining how he came to write Animal Farm, Orwell says he once saw a little boy whipping a horse and later he wrote, “It struck me that if only such animals became aware of their strength we should have no power over them, and that men exploit animals in much the same way as the rich exploit the [worker].” “It struck me that if only such animals became aware of their strength we should have no power over them, and that men exploit animals in much the same way as the rich exploit the [worker].”

13. What is Animal Farm? A masterpiece of political satire, Animal Farm is a tale of oppressed individuals who long for freedom but ultimately are corrupted by assuming the very power that had originally oppressed them. A masterpiece of political satire, Animal Farm is a tale of oppressed individuals who long for freedom but ultimately are corrupted by assuming the very power that had originally oppressed them. The story traces the deplorable conditions of mistreated animals who can speak and who exhibit many human characteristics. After extreme negligence by their owner, the animals revolt and expel Mr. Jones and his wife from the farm. The story traces the deplorable conditions of mistreated animals who can speak and who exhibit many human characteristics. After extreme negligence by their owner, the animals revolt and expel Mr. Jones and his wife from the farm. The tale of the society the animals form into a totalitarian regime is generally viewed as Orwell's critique of the communist system in the former Soviet Union. The tale of the society the animals form into a totalitarian regime is generally viewed as Orwell's critique of the communist system in the former Soviet Union.

14. Children’s Book? – No! After Animal Farm was published in 1945, George Orwell discovered with horror that booksellers were placing his novel on children’s shelves. According to his housekeeper, he began traveling from bookstore to bookstore requesting that the book be shelved with adult works. After Animal Farm was published in 1945, George Orwell discovered with horror that booksellers were placing his novel on children’s shelves. According to his housekeeper, he began traveling from bookstore to bookstore requesting that the book be shelved with adult works.

15. Allegory Allegories have two levels of meaning. On the surface, the story is about animals. But on a second level, the animals stand for types of people or ideas. The way the animals interact and the way the plot unfolds says something about the nature of people or the value of ideas. Any type of fiction that has multiple levels of meaning in this way is called an allegory. Allegories have two levels of meaning. On the surface, the story is about animals. But on a second level, the animals stand for types of people or ideas. The way the animals interact and the way the plot unfolds says something about the nature of people or the value of ideas. Any type of fiction that has multiple levels of meaning in this way is called an allegory. On the surface, Animal Farm tells the story of farm animals who are tired of obeying the orders of a cruel master. This is the story’s literal meaning. A pig is a pig. It is important to understand that Animal Farm also has a figurative meaning. This novel also tells the story of Soviet Russia during the Russian Revolution. A pig is a political leader.

16. Satire In a satire, the writer attacks a serious issue by presenting it in a ridiculous light or otherwise poking fun at it. In a satire, the writer attacks a serious issue by presenting it in a ridiculous light or otherwise poking fun at it. Orwell uses satire to expose his beliefs that the Soviet Union was laughable and despicable. Orwell uses satire to expose his beliefs that the Soviet Union was laughable and despicable. Soviet Coat of Arms

17. Animalism = Communism Animalism Animalism Taught by Old Major Taught by Old Major No rich, but no poor No rich, but no poor Better life for workers Better life for workers All animals are equal All animals are equal Everyone owns the farm Everyone owns the farm Communism Communism Invented by Karl Marx All people are equal Government owns everything People own the government

18. Animal Farm Revolution = Russian Revolution Animal Farm Revolution Animal Farm Revolution Was supposed to make life better for all, but... Was supposed to make life better for all, but... Life was worse at the end. Life was worse at the end. The leaders became the same as, or worse than the other farmers (humans) they rebelled against. The leaders became the same as, or worse than the other farmers (humans) they rebelled against. Russian Revolution Russian Revolution Was supposed to fix the problems created by the Czar, but... Life was even worse after the revolution. Stalin made the Czar look like a nice guy.

19. Joseph Stalin While most Russian leaders belonged to the middle-class, Joseph Stalin was born into the peasant class. While most Russian leaders belonged to the middle-class, Joseph Stalin was born into the peasant class. Unlike Trotsky, Stalin was not well- educated and could not discuss Marxist theory on a sophisticated level. Unlike Trotsky, Stalin was not well- educated and could not discuss Marxist theory on a sophisticated level. Stalin was named General Secretary of the Communist Party in 1922. He was in charge of dull paperwork for the Communist party. Stalin was named General Secretary of the Communist Party in 1922. He was in charge of dull paperwork for the Communist party. Though this position seemed unimportant, Stalin used his position as secretary to gain supporters for his future rise to power. He eventually defeated Trotsky in the struggle for power. Though this position seemed unimportant, Stalin used his position as secretary to gain supporters for his future rise to power. He eventually defeated Trotsky in the struggle for power. In Animal Farm … Napoleon = Joseph Stalin

20. Napoleon Napoleon Boar who leads the rebellion against Farmer Jones Boar who leads the rebellion against Farmer Jones After the rebellion’s success, he systematically begins to control all aspects of the farm until he is an undisputed tyrant. After the rebellion’s success, he systematically begins to control all aspects of the farm until he is an undisputed tyrant. Joseph Stain Joseph Stain The communist dictator of the Soviet Union from 1922-1953 who killed all who opposed him. He loved power and used the KGB (secret police) to enforce his ruthless, corrupt antics.

21. Under Joseph Stalin, the country fell under totalitarianism – a form of government with strong central rule that tries to control individual freedoms. Under Joseph Stalin, the country fell under totalitarianism – a form of government with strong central rule that tries to control individual freedoms. Stalin instituted the “Five Years Plan” to increase economic growth, but ordered farms to give most of their produce to the government. Stalin instituted the “Five Years Plan” to increase economic growth, but ordered farms to give most of their produce to the government. Peasants often slaughtered their animals and burned down their farm buildings rather than give them to the Soviets! Peasants often slaughtered their animals and burned down their farm buildings rather than give them to the Soviets! Peasants who opposed Stalin were sent to labor camps, deported, or executed. Peasants who opposed Stalin were sent to labor camps, deported, or executed. The Five-Year Plan created a man-made famine. Five million people starved to death or were executed as a result! The Five-Year Plan created a man-made famine. Five million people starved to death or were executed as a result!

22. Although exact figures cannot be determined, some historians have estimated that Joseph Stalin may have killed as many as 20 million people! Although exact figures cannot be determined, some historians have estimated that Joseph Stalin may have killed as many as 20 million people! To put this into perspective, consider the fact that Adolf Hitler is believed to have killed 11 million people in the Holocaust! To put this into perspective, consider the fact that Adolf Hitler is believed to have killed 11 million people in the Holocaust!

23. Czar Nicholas II Czar Nicholas II was Russia’s last czar. He was part of the Romanov dynasty that ruled Russia for over 300 years! Czar Nicholas II was Russia’s last czar. He was part of the Romanov dynasty that ruled Russia for over 300 years! Czar means emperor and comes from the word Caesar. Czar means emperor and comes from the word Caesar. Russian czars lived in a magnificent palace called the Kremlin. Russian czars lived in a magnificent palace called the Kremlin. Czar Nicholas was narrow-minded and incompetent. He was an autocrat – a self-appointed ruler who holds all the political power. Czar Nicholas was narrow-minded and incompetent. He was an autocrat – a self-appointed ruler who holds all the political power. In March 1917, there were food riots and army mutinies in Petrograd (a Russian city). Czar Nicholas couldn’t cope with the difficult situation, so he abdicated the throne. In March 1917, there were food riots and army mutinies in Petrograd (a Russian city). Czar Nicholas couldn’t cope with the difficult situation, so he abdicated the throne. In Animal Farm … Mr. Jones = Czar Nicholas II

24. Farmer Jones = Czar Nicholas II Farmer Jones Farmer Jones The irresponsible owner of the farm The irresponsible owner of the farm Lets his animals starve and beats them with a whip Lets his animals starve and beats them with a whip Sometimes shows random kindness Sometimes shows random kindness Czar Nicholas II Czar Nicholas II Weak Russian leader during the early 1900s Often cruel and brutal to his subjects Displays isolated kindess

25. Leon Trotsky Trotsky was a brilliant intellectual and speaker who organized the Red Army and led it to victory against the White Armies in the Civil War of 1918-1919. Trotsky was a brilliant intellectual and speaker who organized the Red Army and led it to victory against the White Armies in the Civil War of 1918-1919. Trotsky and Stalin disagreed on Russia’s future. Trotsky wanted the Communist revolution to be worldwide. Stalin wanted to protect the Soviet Union from outside forces (keep communism in the USSR). Trotsky and Stalin disagreed on Russia’s future. Trotsky wanted the Communist revolution to be worldwide. Stalin wanted to protect the Soviet Union from outside forces (keep communism in the USSR). Stalin defeated Trotsky at the Communist Party Congress in 1927 and gained control of the secret police. Stalin defeated Trotsky at the Communist Party Congress in 1927 and gained control of the secret police. Trotsky was chased away by the KGB (secret police) and fled to Mexico City, where a Soviet agent killed him with an axe in 1940. Trotsky was chased away by the KGB (secret police) and fled to Mexico City, where a Soviet agent killed him with an axe in 1940. In Animal Farm … Snowball = Leon Trotsky

26. Snowball Snowball Boar who becomes one of the rebellion’s most valuable leaders. Boar who becomes one of the rebellion’s most valuable leaders. After drawing complicated plans for the construction of a windmill, he is chased off of the farm forever by Napoleon’s dogs and thereafter used as a scapegoat for the animals’ troubles. After drawing complicated plans for the construction of a windmill, he is chased off of the farm forever by Napoleon’s dogs and thereafter used as a scapegoat for the animals’ troubles. Leon Trotsky Leon Trotsky A pure communist leader who was influenced by the teachings of Karl Marx. He wanted to improve life for people in Russia, but was driven away by Lenin’s KGB.

27. Karl Marx Marx believed the workers (proletarians) were the true producers of wealth. But the capitalists (bourgeoisie) owned the means of production – land and industry. Therefore, the capitalists made huge profits while the workers earned just enough to survive. Not fair! Marx believed the workers (proletarians) were the true producers of wealth. But the capitalists (bourgeoisie) owned the means of production – land and industry. Therefore, the capitalists made huge profits while the workers earned just enough to survive. Not fair! Marx called for “workers of the world” to unite against their capitalist oppressors. Marx called for “workers of the world” to unite against their capitalist oppressors. Marx believed that eventually the proletariat would become so numerous and so impoverished that they would rise up against the capitalist system throughout the world. Marx believed that eventually the proletariat would become so numerous and so impoverished that they would rise up against the capitalist system throughout the world. In Animal Farm … Old Major = Karl Marx

28. Characters Old Major Old Major An old boar whose speech about the evils perpetrated by humans rouses the animals into rebelling. An old boar whose speech about the evils perpetrated by humans rouses the animals into rebelling. His philosophy concerning the tyranny of Man is named Animalism. His philosophy concerning the tyranny of Man is named Animalism. He teaches the animals the song “Beasts of England” He teaches the animals the song “Beasts of England” Dies before revolution Dies before revolution Karl Marx Karl Marx The inventor of communism Wants to unite the working class to overthrow the government. Dies before the Russian Revolution