1. Key TermDefinition AestheticsThe quality of an object that deals with art, beauty, and taste. ArchA curved structure for spanning an opening, designed to support a vertical load primarily by axial compression. ArchitectAn individual trained in the art and science of designing and constructing buildings. BalanceThe pleasing or harmonious arrangement or proportion of parts or elements in a design or composition. Bearing WallsSolid walls that provide support for each other and for the roof of a structure. Civil EngineerAn engineer trained in the design and construction of public works, such as bridges or dams, and other large facilities. ColorThe aspect of the appearance of objects and light sources that may be described in terms of hue, lightness, and saturation for objects and hue, brightness, and saturation for light sources. ContrastA visual principle associated with change made in size, shape, color, or tone of graphic elements. Design PrinciplesThe rules that describe how designers might put together various design elements to create an aesthetic finished product. DomeAn arrangement of several arches whose bases form a circle and whose tops meet in the center. Element of DesignA basic visual component or building block of designed objects. EmphasisStress or prominence given to an element of a composition by means of contrast, anomaly, or counterpoint. FaçadeThe exterior face of a building. FormThe shape and structure of something as distinguished from its substance or material. KeystoneA wedge-shaped stone placed in the crown of an arch. LineThe edge or contour of a shape. LintelA beam supporting the weight above a door or window opening. MovementThe effect or illusion of motion conveyed by the relationship of structural elements in a design or composition. Lesson 1.1 History of Civil Engineering and Architecture

2. PatternAn artistic or decorative design, especially one having a characteristic arrangement and considered as a unit. Post-and-Lintel Construction Wall construction utilizing a framework of vertical posts and horizontal beams to carry floor and roof loads. RepetitionA principle where some graphic elements are repeated throughout the entire design. RhythmMovement characterized by a patterned repetition or alteration of formal elements or motifs in the same or a modified form. ShapeThe two-dimensional contour that characterizes an object or area. SpaceThe dimensions of height, depth, and width within which all things exist and move. TextureThe feel, appearance, or consistency of a surface, substance, or fabric. UnityThe state or quality of being combined into one, as the ordering of elements in an artistic work that constitutes a harmonious whole or promotes a singleness of effect. ValueThe relative lightness or darkness of a color. Vernacular Architecture Culturally and climatically relevant architecture using locally available materials and traditional building techniques. VoussoirAny of the wedge-shaped units in a masonry arch or vault, having side cuts converging at one of the arch centers.