4. Children and older people do not typically pay taxes. These groups cost governments money for education and health care.

5. The number of senior citizens living in the United States is expected to double by 2030. By the time you retire, Social Security may not be available as a means of support. The dependency ratio will drop from 4.1 to 2.3 – this will put an enormous strain on the country’s resources. Many seniors will have to rely more heavily on their own savings for support.

6. Figure 16.8 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States, 2004–2005. Ratio of Working-Age Population to the Elderly in the U.S., 25-to-64-Year-Olds vs 65 and Older

8. Latin America includes Mexico. Russia is included in Europe. Australia and Oceania actually do not = 1%

10. The urban population is growing worldwide.

12. Judaism (Jews) does not even equal 1%

20. Our village of 100 would have 10 homosexuals

23. 20 will live in fear of death by bombardment, armed attack, landmines, rape, or kidnapping by armed groups.

26. Do you have… A refrigerator in your home? A bed to sleep in? A closet for your stuff? A roof over your head?

27. The world spends…. $100 Billion on aide and development to better lives. $1.24 Trillion on the military

28. What is the difference between 1 Million (6 zeroes) and 1 Billion (9 zeroes)?

29. The Significance of Large Numbers can be hard to understand. The world's population is over 7.3 billion, and the population of the United States is about 322 million. Is that a little or a lot? These exercises will help you appreciate the difference between millions and billions

30. Your rich uncle has just died and has left you one billion dollars. If you accept the money you must count it for eight hours a day at the rate of one dollar per second. When you are finished counting, the billion dollars will be yours and only then may you begin to spend it. Do you accept your uncle's offer?

32. What if the same offered existed, but instead of a billion it was a million dollars. Would you accept the offer?

35. A billion is 1,000 million.

37. Day 1 - $0.01 Day 2 - $0.02 Day 3 - $0.04 Day 4 - $0.08 Day 5 - $0.16 Day 6 - $0.32 Day 7 - $0.64 Day 8 - $1.28 Day 9 – $2.56 Day 10 -$5.12

38. Day 11 - $10.24 Day 12 - $20.48 Day 13 - $40.96 Day 14 - $81.92 Day 15 - $163.84 Day 16 - $327.68 Day 17 - $655.36 Day 18 - $1,310.72 Day 19 – $2,621.44 Day 20 -$5,242.88

39. Day 21 - $10,485.76 Day 22 - $20,971.52 Day 23 - $41,943.04 Day 24 - $83,886.08 Day 25 - $167,772.16 Day 26 - $335,544.32 Day 27 - $671,088.64 Day 28 - $1,342,177.28 Day 29 – $2,684,354.56 Day 30 – $5,368,709.12

40. Do people live in the same location of early cultural hearths? Early Cultural Hearths Current World Population Density

41. Cultural Hearths A cultural hearth is a source area from which new ideas radiate.

42. Early Cultural Hearths Mesopotamia Indus River Valley Yellow River Valley Nile River Valley Ganges River Valley Middle America

44. Near a river in a temperate climate on arable land abundance of food

46. Advances in agriculture lead to increased crop production. Not everyone in a given population needs grow their own crops - one farmer can produce enough crops to support more than one family. This then allows people to engage in other activities besides crop raising, animal husbandry, hunting or gathering. As a result of these other activities, new ideas develop and lead to advancements in science, astronomy, mathematics, religion, art, and political systems. These ideas then are spread to surrounding areas.

47. Urban Areas Urban – having something to do with cities. People make a living in ways other than farming. Urban areas grouped by: - population or - economic activities Kinds of Urban Areas Suburbs – areas around a city – large central city Metropolitan Area – land of a central city and all of its suburbs. Megalopolis: chain of closely linked metropolitan areas “great city” “Boswash” Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington DC Primate City: leading city in its country or region

48. BosWash Primate City

49. Migration Migration: the movement of people from place to place Immigrant: A person who comes to live permanently in a foreign country. Emigrant: A person who leaves their own country to settle permanently in another Refugee: A person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster. Internally Displaced Person: someone who is forced to flee their home but who, unlike a refugee, remains within their country's borders

50. Push/Pull Factors Migration happens because of push/pull factors Push factors: factors that make people leave their country (pushes them out) –Example: lack of jobs, political unrest Pull factors: factors that draw people to another country (pulls them in) –Examples: Jobs, Freedoms

51. Push/ Pull Factors Religious Persecution Political Factors Social Factors Economic Motives Environmental Factors Forced Migration