1. CHAPTER 21 NORTH AFRICA >

2. NATURAL ENVIRONMENTS CHAPTER 21 – SECTION 1

3. QUESTIONS  What landform regions are found in North Africa?  What factors influence the regions climates?  What natural resources does the region have?

4. COUNTRIES  North Africa includes the countries of  ____________  _____________

5. LANDFORMS  __________________________________________  It is bordered by the Mediterranean on the North.  Coastal plains are main landform along Mediterranean and Atlantic.  Atlas Mountains begin at coastal plains from Morocco to Tunisia.  The Sahara, world’s largest desert, runs south of the Atlas Mountains and coastal plains and extends across all of North Africa.

6. LANDFORMS  __________________________________________ __________________________________________  It is 3.5 million square miles – about the size of the U.S. – of rock and sand.  Below eroded rocky ridges are basins.  Basins that are covered with high, shifting seas of sand called ergs.  Gravel-covered plains where the winds have blown the sand and dust away are called regs. <>

7. LANDFORMS  __________________________________________  Qattara Depression is a wilderness of quicksand and salt marshes.  Other depressions have large dry lakebeds where rainwater collects and carves out wadis – dry streambeds that only fill with water after rain falls.

8. CLIMATES  North Africa’s Mediterranean climate areas are found along the coast.  _____ climate covers most of North Africa.  A rain shadow from the Atlas Mountains contributes to this arid climate.  The harmattan – a hot dry wind – sweeps southward across the Sahara.  Saharan ergs can cause violent sandstorms that block out sunlight for days.

9. PLANTS AND ANIMALS  Vegetation in the Sahara is limited to __________ and __________ ___________.  Plants and animals are concentrated around oases.  Morocco has a great diversity of plants and animals in part due to its close proximity to Europe.  Egypt has abundant bird life.

10. NATURAL RESOURCES  _____ and __________ _____ are North Africa’s most valuable __________ __________.  Oil found in all North African countries, with Libya having the greatest reserves  Iron ore, lead, phosphates, and zinc are also found.  Fishing off the coast of Morocco, mostly sardines.  Farming is possible in good soil with irrigation.

11. HISTORY AND CULTURE CHAPTER 21 – SECTION 2

12. QUESTIONS  What peoples have settled in and ruled North Africa?  What are the people and culture of the region like today?

13. HISTORY  The first people in North Africa were _______________.  When most of North Africa had become desert, the population moved to the coast, desert oases, wadis and the Nile River.

14. EARLY PEOPLES  Beginning about __________, the __________ began their kingdom along the __________ __________.  Their monarchs were called pharaohs – god kings.  Their writing system was called hieroglyphs.  Foreigners began to control much of North Africa as Egyptian power weakened.  Phoenicians, Greeks and Romans.  German Vandals and the Byzantines.

15. THE ARABS AND ISLAM  In the 600s, Arab Muslim armies took over most of the territories of the Byzantines.  By the 700s, they had conquered Morocco and crossed into the Iberian Peninsula of Europe (Spain and Portugal).  Under _______ rule, _______ and other _______ cities became centers of ___________ culture and education.  Cities like Marrakech became centers of trading.  The Ottomans later took control of North Africa.

16. COLONIALISM  The __________ __________ ruled much of ________ ________ until the late _______.  France took control of Tunisia, Algeria, and part of Morocco.  Spain took Northern Morocco.  Great Britain took over Egypt.  Berlin Conference of 1884 - 1885.

17. INDEPENDENCE  Egypt gained independence in 1922.  Most other __________ __________ countries gained their __________ after __________.  France fought a war try and keep Algeria.  Mu’ammar Gadhafi overthrew the monarchy in Libya in 1969 and declared a socialist republic.

18. CULTURE  Nearly all people of __________ __________ are __________ or _______________.  Berbers are a cultural group that lived in North Africa before Arab armies invaded North Africa.  Arabic is the official language in North Africa though all speak their own dialect.

19. CULTURE  Most North Africans live along the Mediterranean coast or in the foothills of the Atlas Mountains.  In Egypt, ___ % of the population live in the _______ _______ _______ and __________.  Cairo, in the Nile Delta, is the largest urban area in North Africa, 18 million people in the metropolitan area.

20. RELIGION  Most North Africans are Muslim with very small Jewish and Christian minorities.  ________ plays a major role in North African life.

21. TRADITIONS AND CUSTOMS  Most North Africans wear ________ ________ ______.  Ideal for hot climates.  Many women dress according to Muslim tradition.  Greet each other by shaking hands and touching their hand to their heart.

22. THE REGION TODAY CHAPTER 21 – SECTION 3

23. QUESTIONS  What are economies and cities of North Africa like?  What challenges do the people there face?

24. ECONOMIC AND URBAN ENVIRONMENTS  Issues are typical of developing countries.  Controlling government spending.  Keeping inflation down.  Reducing restrictions on business and foreign trade.  Civil unrest.  Morocco has declared Tangier a free port – no taxes on goods unloaded there from other places  Other North African countries are trying to strengthen trading ties with European nations.

25. ECONOMIC ACTIVITES  _____ and __________ _____ are the back bone of the ____________ and _____________ economies.  Oil is a significant part of the Egyptian and Tunisian economies.  Agriculture is an important part of the economy.  Fellahin, Egyptian peasant farmers, make up 40% of work force.  Libya imports 75% of its food.  Tourism is an important economic activity.  Unemployment is still high.

26. URBAN ENVIRONMENTS  Largest cities  ________, ________, ________, ________ and ________.  Mix of modern and traditional buildings.  Becoming more and more crowded with slums.

27. ISSUES AND CHALLENGES  _______________  Islamic governments.  Libya and Mu’ammar Gadhafi.  ______________  Desertification.  Pollution from refining oil.  Polluted water supplies.  Construction of the the Aswan High Dam.