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PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PART B 7 The Nervous System
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Reflex Arc Reflex—rapid, predictable, and involuntary response to a stimulus Occurs over pathways called reflex arcs Reflex arc—direct route from a sensory neuron, to an interneuron, to an effector
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Reflex Arc Figure 7.11a Stimulus at distal end of neuron Skin Spinal cord (in cross section) Interneuron Receptor Effector Sensory neuron Motor neuron Integration center (a)
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Reflex Arc Figure 7.11a, step 1 Stimulus at distal end of neuron Skin Receptor (a)
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Reflex Arc Figure 7.11a, step 2 Stimulus at distal end of neuron Skin Receptor Sensory neuron (a)
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Reflex Arc Figure 7.11a, step 3 Stimulus at distal end of neuron Skin Spinal cord (in cross section) Interneuron Receptor Sensory neuron Integration center (a)
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Reflex Arc Figure 7.11a, step 4 Stimulus at distal end of neuron Skin Spinal cord (in cross section) Interneuron Receptor Sensory neuron Motor neuron Integration center (a)
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Reflex Arc Figure 7.11a, step 5 Stimulus at distal end of neuron Skin Spinal cord (in cross section) Interneuron Receptor Effector Sensory neuron Motor neuron Integration center (a)
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Simple Reflex Arc Figure 7.11b–c Spinal cord Sensory (afferent) neuron Inter- neuron Motor (efferent) neuron Sensory receptors (stretch receptors in the quadriceps muscle) Sensory (afferent) neuron Sensory receptors (pain receptors in the skin) Effector (quadriceps muscle of thigh) Effector (biceps brachii muscle) Synapse in ventral horn gray matter (c) (b)
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Simple Reflex Arc Figure 7.11b, step 1 Spinal cord Sensory receptors (stretch receptors in the quadriceps muscle) (b)
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Simple Reflex Arc Figure 7.11b, step 2 Spinal cord Sensory (afferent) neuron Sensory receptors (stretch receptors in the quadriceps muscle) (b)
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Simple Reflex Arc Figure 7.11b, step 3 Spinal cord Sensory (afferent) neuron Sensory receptors (stretch receptors in the quadriceps muscle) Synapse in ventral horn gray matter (b)
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Simple Reflex Arc Figure 7.11b, step 4 Spinal cord Sensory (afferent) neuron Motor (efferent) neuron Sensory receptors (stretch receptors in the quadriceps muscle) Synapse in ventral horn gray matter (b)
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Simple Reflex Arc Figure 7.11b, step 5 Spinal cord Sensory (afferent) neuron Motor (efferent) neuron Sensory receptors (stretch receptors in the quadriceps muscle) Effector (quadriceps muscle of thigh) Synapse in ventral horn gray matter (b)
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Simple Reflex Arc Figure 7.11c, step 1 Spinal cord Sensory receptors (pain receptors in the skin) (c)
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Simple Reflex Arc Figure 7.11c, step 2 Spinal cord Sensory (afferent) neuron Sensory receptors (pain receptors in the skin) (c)
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Simple Reflex Arc Figure 7.11c, step 3 Spinal cord Inter- neuron Sensory (afferent) neuron Sensory receptors (pain receptors in the skin) (c)
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Simple Reflex Arc Figure 7.11c, step 4a Spinal cord Inter- neuron Motor (efferent) neuron Sensory (afferent) neuron Sensory receptors (pain receptors in the skin) (c)
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Simple Reflex Arc Figure 7.11c, step 4b Spinal cord Inter- neuron Motor (efferent) neuron Sensory (afferent) neuron Sensory receptors (pain receptors in the skin) Effector (biceps brachii muscle) (c)
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Simple Reflex Arc Figure 7.11b–c Spinal cord Sensory (afferent) neuron Inter- neuron Motor (efferent) neuron Sensory receptors (stretch receptors in the quadriceps muscle) Sensory (afferent) neuron Sensory receptors (pain receptors in the skin) Effector (quadriceps muscle of thigh) Effector (biceps brachii muscle) Synapse in ventral horn gray matter (c) (b)
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Reflexes and Regulation Somatic reflexes Activation of skeletal muscles Example : When you move your hand away from a hot stove
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Reflexes and Regulation Autonomic reflexes Smooth muscle regulation Heart and blood pressure regulation Regulation of glands Digestive system regulation
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Reflexes and Regulation Patellar, or knee-jerk, reflex is an example of a two-neuron reflex arc Figure 7.11d
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Central Nervous System (CNS) CNS develops from the embryonic neural tube The neural tube becomes the brain and spinal cord The opening of the neural tube becomes the ventricles Four chambers within the brain Filled with cerebrospinal fluid
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Central Nervous System (CNS) Figure 7.12a
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain Cerebral hemispheres (cerebrum) Diencephalon Brain stem Cerebellum
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Cerebrum Figure 7.12b
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Cerebrum Cerebral Hemispheres (Cerebrum) Paired (left and right) superior parts of the brain Includes more than half of the brain mass The surface is made of ridges (gyri) and grooves (sulci)
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Cerebrum Figure 7.13a
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Cerebrum Lobes of the cerebrum Fissures (deep grooves) divide the cerebrum into lobes Surface lobes of the cerebrum Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Occipital lobe Temporal lobe
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Cerebrum Figure 7.13b
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Cerebrum Specialized areas of the cerebrum Primary somatic sensory area Receives impulses from the body’s sensory receptors Located in parietal lobe Primary motor area Sends impulses to skeletal muscles Located in frontal lobe Broca’s area Involved in our ability to speak
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Cerebrum Figure 7.13c
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Cerebrum Figure 7.14
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Cerebrum Cerebral areas involved in special senses Gustatory area (taste) Visual area Auditory area Olfactory area
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Cerebrum Interpretation areas of the cerebrum Speech/language region Language comprehension region General interpretation area
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Cerebrum Figure 7.13c
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Cerebrum Layers of the cerebrum Gray matter—outer layer in the cerebral cortex composed mostly of neuron cell bodies White matter—fiber tracts deep to the gray matter Corpus callosum connects hemispheres Basal nuclei—islands of gray matter buried within the white matter
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Cerebrum Figure 7.15
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Diencephalon Figure 7.16
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Diencephalon Sits on top of the brain stem Enclosed by the cerebral hemispheres Made of three parts Thalamus Hypothalamus Epithalamus
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Diencephalon Figure 7.12b
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Diencephalon Figure 7.16a
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Diencephalon Figure 7.16b
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Diencephalon Thalamus Surrounds the third ventricle The relay station for sensory impulses Transfers impulses to the correct part of the cortex for localization and interpretation
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Diencephalon Hypothalamus Under the thalamus Important autonomic nervous system center Helps regulate body temperature Controls water balance Regulates metabolism
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Diencephalon Hypothalamus (continued) An important part of the limbic system (emotions) The pituitary gland is attached to the hypothalamus
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Diencephalon Epithalamus Forms the roof of the third ventricle Houses the pineal body (an endocrine gland) Includes the choroid plexus—forms cerebrospinal fluid
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Brain Stem Attaches to the spinal cord Parts of the brain stem Midbrain Pons Medulla oblongata
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Brain Stem Figure 7.16a
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Brain Stem Midbrain Mostly composed of tracts of nerve fibers Has two bulging fiber tracts— cerebral peduncles Has four rounded protrusions— corpora quadrigemina Reflex centers for vision and hearing
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Brain Stem Pons The bulging center part of the brain stem Mostly composed of fiber tracts Includes nuclei involved in the control of breathing
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Brain Stem Medulla Oblongata The lowest part of the brain stem Merges into the spinal cord Includes important fiber tracts Contains important control centers Heart rate control Blood pressure regulation Breathing Swallowing Vomiting
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Brain Stem Reticular Formation Diffuse mass of gray matter along the brain stem Involved in motor control of visceral organs Reticular activating system (RAS) plays a role in awake/sleep cycles and consciousness
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Reticular Formation of the Brain Stem Figure 7.16b
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Cerebellum Two hemispheres with convoluted surfaces Provides involuntary coordination of body movements
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Cerebellum Figure 7.16a
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