1. Cross-Cultural Communication An Introduction

2. Brief Introduction  Cross-Cultural Communication (BrE)=  Intercultural Communication (AmE)  The Main Question:  What happens when people from different cultures come together to share ideas, feelings, and information.

3. The Brief Introduction  Why do we learn this course?   When people from different cultures come together to share ideas, feelings and information, a lot of misunderstandings may occur as a result of cultural differences.

4. The Brief Introduction  Why do we learn this course?  In order to prevent the misunderstandings in the process of cross-cultural communications, it is very important and necessary for us to know some basic rules and principles so that we may become successful and efficient in cross-cultural communication.

5. The Brief Introduction  Why do we learn this course?  So the purpose of this course is to understand that language and culture is undividable, culture, or the shared knowledge is the most important element of communication.

6. The Brief Introduction  How we learn this course?  1. Textbook;  2. Discussions, Role plays;  3. Culture Movies & Lectures  4. Exercises;

7. Way of Examination  Part 1: 60%  Class Attending and Assignments  Part 2: 40%  Final Examination  Oral Examination 15%  Paper Test 85%

8. Way of Examination  Test:  Section 1: Language Proficiency 30%  Section 2: Reading Comprehension 30%  Section 3: Communication Analysis 40%

9. Important Concepts  1. Language:  A human speech;  The ability to communicate;  A system of vocal sounds;  A means of verbal communication.  Instrumental, Social and Conventional.

10. Important Concepts  2. Culture:  A shared background (national, ethnic, religious, etc.) resulting from a common language and communication style, customs, beliefs, attitudes, and values.

11. Important Concepts  3. Communication:  How do we translate this word in Chinese?  交际 交流 沟通  传播 通信 交通 传理  The process of sharing meanings through verbal and nonverbal behaviors.

12. Important Concepts  The relationship between the three:  1. Culture is carried out by language and embedded in language;  2. The purpose of using language is to communicate;  3. To know only the language without a good knowledge of the culture makes one fail in communication, or at least not very efficient in that.

13. Important ConceptsLanguage Culture Communication

14. Our Aim   To learn to communicate by the language with the knowledge of culture.

15. Communication  The process of sharing meanings through verbal and nonverbal behaviors.  Essential Elements:  1. At least two or more people;  2. Some contact between communicators;  3. A language shared by communicators;  4. An exchange of information taken place.

16. Communication  One type of Communication:  1. Human communication;  2. Animal communication;  3. Human-animal communication;  4. Human-machine communication;  5. Machine-to-machine communication.

17. Communication  The second type of communication  divided by contact 1. Two-way contact – direct communication 2. One-way contact – indirect communication

18. Communication  Mono-cultural language communication  Mono means one or single, so this phrase means communication between people who speak the same language in the same cultural environment.  This is not a kind of cross-cultural communication.

19. Communication  Unilaterally cross-cultural language communication:  Unilaterally means one person who knows two languages communicates with another person who knows only one language.  This is a simple and common kind of cross- cultural communication.

20. Communication  Bilaterally cross-cultural language communication:  Bilaterally means one person who knows two languages communicates with another one who also knows two languages.  This is a more complicated kind of cross- cultural communication.

21. Social Communication  Essential components:  1. Two or more participants;  2. Setting;  3. Background knowledge;  4. Verbal communication;  5. Non-verbal communication;  6. Time and place.

22. Behave properly in social situations  I felt exhausted after much sightseeing. I looked for a seat to rest my legs. It so happened that on the nearby roadside there was a two-person stone chair with one place already occupied by a charming young girl. I hesitated, but still went over. “Is it occupied?” I asked. “No” was the answer. The moment I sat down, the woman stood up and left. I was a bit hurt by her instant departure.

23. Behave properly in social situations  Li Na, a famous Chinese actress, married a German. One day when she was acting, her husband was watching there, saying again and again that she was the best actress. On knowing this, Li Na told her husband not to praise her like that in public. The German wondered what he had done wrong.

24. Behave properly in social situations  Once Li Na and her husband were talking with their Chinese friends, Hong and his wife, at a party. The German praised the good looks of Hong’s wife. Hong replied that his wife was moderately good-looking when young, but now she was old and no longer so. Hong’s wife nodded in agreement with a smile. The German was surprised.

25. Behave properly in social situations  Litz: (opens the door) Oh, Lin, how nice you could come! Lin: It’s not difficult to find your house. Litz: Come on in. Can I take your coat? Lin: No, thanks. Litz: Ok, this way please. Lin: (takes off her coat and hangs it)

26. Behave properly in social situations  Prof. Guo: Prof. Leach, you see the man over there? That’s Mr. Yao. Prof. Leach: I see. Prof. Guo: Mr. Yao, let me introduce you to Prof. Leach. (They shake hands) Prof. Leach: How do you do? Mr. Yao: How do you do, Mr. Leach?

27. Rules of Cross-Culture Communication  Remove any psychological barriers of nervousness and shyness. Calm down and relax. Take your time and start slowly. No one is expecting you to speak like a native speaker.

28. Rules of Cross-Culture Communication  If you realize that you have made a serious mistake that has hurt your addressee, you simply tell your addressee that you did it unwittingly. She or he knows that English is your foreign language, and will forgive you.

29. Rules of Cross-Culture Communication  When it is your partner’s turn to speak, you listen to and watch him or her carefully, but not intensely. If you exert yourself too much, you will soon get tired and lack concentration.

30. Rules of Cross-Culture Communication  Being polite is often considered a very important strategy in communicating with strangers or newly-made friends. It certainly applies to cross-cultural communication.  We must be fully aware that a polite expression in Chinese dose not mean that it is also polite in English. Similarly a polite expression in English does not mean that it is equally polite in Chinese.

31. Rules of Cross-Culture Communication  自谦  我，本人，小弟，卑职  意见，看法，愚见  文章，拙作，  妻子，内人，家里的  家，寒舍，舍下  阅读，拜读  尊他  您，先生，小姐  高见，指示  大作，杰作  夫人，太太，爱人  府上，贵府  指教，审阅

32. Rules of Cross-Culture Communication  In short, being polite is a very good strategy in managing your cross-cultural talk. But you must always watch out for bilingual differences in using polite expressions.

33. What we learned in Unit 1  Our life depends on communication;  There are all sorts of communication:  human communication  animal communication  human-animal communication  human-machine communication  machine-to-machine communication

34. What we learned in Unit 1  Communication can also be divided into direct communication and indirect communication, face- to-face communication and distance communication.  Four models of communication are constructed: information model, mono-cultural model, unilateral model and bilateral model.  All human communication takes place in social situations.