1. The president & the U.S. Congress led the efforts to restore the South to the Union after the Civil War. This is known as Reconstruction. Former Confederate states had to be replaced with governments loyal to the United States. The Civil War & Reconstruction Era (1861-1874) will have a tremendous impact on the state of Texas. The federal governments efforts will reshape the political, social, & economic aspects of Texas.

4. Problems in the Southern States after Civil War Many of the Confederate states lay in ruins. Money was not available; used barter system Slaves were free, but many were without food or shelter. Bitterness between Northerners & Southerners continued

5. Texas at the End of the War No large (major) battles had been fought in Texas, & the Union was unsuccessful in their attempts at invading Texas & burning cities, towns, & bridges as they had in other Southern states. The war left Texas in debt due to raising & supplying the Confederate Army. Many former Confederates hated Northerners and Texas Unionists.

6. Problems in Texas Economy Economy: based on cotton & agricultural cash crops; ruined, without slave labor cotton was far less profitable. Government Government: collapsed (Some Confederate leaders fled to Mexico). Society: Society: lost many Texans in war, many homesteads, farms, & plantations are left vacant. Freed slaves face uncertain future. Unionists, Scalawags, & Carpetbaggers are thought poorly of by former Confederates

7. Changes in the U.S. Government After Abraham Lincoln was assassinated in April 1865, the new president, Andrew Johnson (17 th U.S. President), was responsible for Reconstruction. President Johnson set up provisional (temporary) governments in every former Confederate state. He appointed new government officials & ordered federal troops to protect them. These provisional governments would govern until the state was readmitted to the Union. President Andrew Johnson

8. Rules for Confederate states entering the Union again during Reconstruction  Each state was required to nullify(cancel) its act of secession  Each state had to write a new state Constitution  Each state had to acknowledge that the U.S. government would not pay its Civil War debts  Each state had to ratify the 13 th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, abolishing slavery

9. Reconstruction in Texas Begins June 19 th 1865, U.S. General Gordon Granger arrived in Galveston to take control of the state. His first act was to announce Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation & to declare all slaves free. This caused great celebrations among African-Americans in Galveston. Juneteenth, as it is known today, is a legal state holiday in Texas. With the end of slavery, Granger urged the freedman (former slaves) to continue to work for their former slaveholders but for pay. Most freedmen tried to do this. Others moved away to search for family members. General Gordon Granger

10. Freedman’s Bureau The Freedman’s Bureau also founded schools to provide the education and skills freed people needed to make a living. These schools were the first public schools in Texas for African-American kids. By 1870, Texas had more than 100 schools for African-Americans. Many were closed after the Freedman’s Bureau ended operations. Created by U.S. Congress to provide help & legal aid to blacks after the Civil War. The Freedman’s Bureau helped former slaves find jobs, issued food & clothing. The Freedman’s Bureau’s work in Texas was made difficult by Texas’s large size, poor transportation & communication systems. Its aid to African-Americans also caused resentment among many whites. Some whites accused the Bureau of meddling in matters that local leaders should handle.

11. A New Appointed Governor President Johnson tried to appoint Unionists- Southerners who had opposed secession- to lead the provisional governments. In Texas, he appointed Andrew J. Hamilton. Hamilton was a Unionist and had been forced to flee from Texas during the war. He returned as the new governor in July 1865. Andrew Hamilton appointed other Unionists to state & county offices. Hamilton wanted to return to the Union quickly & peacefully. A constitutional convention met in in Austin in February 1866. Nearly all the delegates were ex- Confederates & there were no African- American delegates. Very few delegates wanted to give rights to blacks. Andrew J. Hamilton

12. Texas Constitution of 1866 Instead of writing a new Constitution, Texas delegates amended the Constitution Texas had before the Civil War. They nullified secession, & abolished slavery. This Constitution did not grant African-American’s equal rights. Blacks were barred from voting, holding public office, serving on juries, or testifying in court against a white person. It did grant blacks the right to own property & to enter into contracts.

13. Ex-Confederates in the Government Texas voters approved the new Constitution & elected new Texas government leaders. Ex-Confederate James W. Throckmorton was elected the new governor. Voters also elected many ex-Confederates to other government positions. These ex- Confederates refused to ratify the 13 th & 14 th Amendments to the U.S. Constitution. These amendments protected the rights of former slaves. The Texas legislature enacted laws called Black Codes that restricted the rights of African-Americans. Many Southern states passed Black Codes. As a result, African-Americans could not vote, serve on juries, or testify against whites in court. Governor James W. Throckmorton

14. Radical Republicans Take Charge Leaders in Congress felt the South was defying federal control with their choice of ex-Confederate leaders & enactment of Black Codes. As a result, President Andrew Johnson’s Reconstruction plan was thought as too easy on the South. Radical Republicans wanted tougher requirements on the Southern states & protection for ex-slaves. President Johnson didn’t want to give up control of Reconstruction to Congress. In 1866, the Radical Republicans had a 2/3 rd control of both houses of Congress (House of Representatives & Senate). This gave Radical Republicans the power to override any veto from President Johnson.

16. Radical Republicans- Reconstruction Begins The Radical Republican’s plan for Reconstruction, known as the Congressional Reconstruction Plan, was harsher than the plans of President Johnson. -Declared Southern governments (with ex- Confederate leaders) illegal. -Divided the South into 5 military districts & put an Army General in charge. Texas & Louisiana were in the 5 th District controlled by Philip Sheridan -Southern states had to ratify the 14 th & 15 th amendments. -States had to write new state Constitutions. -States had to repeal Black Code laws. -Congress made white Southerners take Ironclad Oaths. This oath pledged that they had not voluntarily served in the Army of the Confederacy or helped in any way. This oath will keep most white Southerners from voting, serving in juries, or holding public office. General Philip Sheridan

17. (Your name) "I, (Your name), do solemnly swear that I have never voluntarily borne arms against the United States since I have been a citizen thereof; that I have voluntarily given no aid, countenance, counsel, or encouragement to persons engaged in armed hostility thereto; that I have neither sought nor accepted nor attempted to exercise the functions of any office whatsoever, under any authority or pretended authority in hostility to the United States; that I have not yielded a voluntary support to any pretended government, authority, power or constitution within the United States, hostile or inimical thereto. And I do further swear that, to the best of my knowledge and ability, I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States, against all enemies, foreign and domestic; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same; that I take this obligation freely, without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion, and that I will well and faithfully discharge the duties of the office on which I am about to enter, so help me God."

18. African-Americans Exercise Their Rights African-Americans were determined to exercise their right to vote. The Freedmen’s Bureau worked to register nearly 50,000 ex- slaves. Some white Texans tried to prevent African-Americans from voting. Some whites joined the Ku Klux Klan. The Klan was founded in Tennessee in 1866. By 1868, it had spread to Texas. The Klan used terror & violence in an attempt to block Reconstruction efforts & prevent blacks from voting. The Klan threatened & attacked ex-slaves, Freedmen’s Bureau workers & teachers. They also disliked carpetbaggers (A Northerner that came to the South after the Civil War) & Scalawags (white Southerners that supported Reconstruction). Most Klan violence included beatings, shootings, & murders. Homes, schools, & crops were burned.

19. The New Texas Constitution of 1869 New Changes to Texas- No one could be prevented from voting because of race It allowed blacks to hold public office & increased funding for public schools Increased the Texas Governor’s power After this Constitution was created, 11 were elected to the Texas State legislature Edmund J. Davis will win the 1869 election. With Radical Republicans in control, they quickly ratified the 13 th, 14 th, & 15 th amendments. Texas now met all the Reconstruction requirements set by the U.S. Congress. On March 30, 1870, U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant signed an act declaring Congressional Reconstruction in Texas finished.

20. Amendments made to U.S. Constitution during Reconstruction 13 th Amendment (1865): Abolished slavery. 14 th Amendment (1868): Guaranteed citizenship & equal rights to blacks. 15 th Amendment (1870): gave suffrage (voting rights) to black men.

21. ( (13 th ) Gave freedom (Abolished slavery) (14 th ) Gave citizenship rights ) (15 th ) Gave voting rights (suffrage)

22. Republicans in Charge Governor Edmund J. Davis improved roads & set up a system of state- controlled “free” public education. Schools for both black & white children had compulsory (required) attendance! Government spending increased to fund these new policies, resulting in higher taxes. In 1865 Texans paid 15 cents on every $100 worth of property. By 1872, the tax rate increased to more than $2. Edmund J. Davis

23. Democrats Regain Control in the Government In 1872 Democrats won the majority of seats in the state legislature. These Democrats immediately took steps to reduce the Governor’s power. In the election for Texas Governor, Edmond J. Davis (Republican) ran against Richard Coke (Democrat). Richard Coke, was a Confederate officer during the Civil War. Coke easily won the election, & Democrats won all other state offices. Democrats would control Texas state government for the next 105 years. Richard Coke