1. Clinical Medical System 臨床醫學系統

4. Urinary and Reproductive (Genitourinary System) (G-U System) ( 泌尿及生殖 系統 )  Cystitis 膀胱炎、 Urethritis 尿道炎 Hematuria 血尿 Frequency of urination 頻尿 Urgency 急尿 Dysuria (Burn sensation during voiding) 解尿疼痛、燒灼感 Pyuria 膿尿  Vesical stone 膀胱結石  Renal stone 腎結石 、 Ureteral stone 輸尿管結石  Renal colic 腎絞痛  Cryptorchidism 隱睪症

5. H.I. Chen5 Interstitial cystitis 間質性膀胱炎 Acquired diseases of the bladder: A. Interstitial cystitis (Hunner ’ s ulcer, 潰瘍, submucous fibrosis): a. fibrosis of the vesical wall, middle aged woman, loss of bladder capacity. b. frequency, urgency, nocturia and pelvic pain with bladder distention, urine is usually normal. c. small ulcers or cracks in the mucous membrane. d. microscopic hematuria may be noted.

6. Stress incontinence 應力性尿失禁 a. the loss of urine with physical strain (eg. coughing, sneezing). b. common in older women of childbirth. c. the basic lesion is loss of normal midurethral resistance caused by a severe sagging of the vesical base and urethra due to poor support of these structures. d. urethral pressure studies show little closure pressure in the proximal half of the urethra.

7. Varicocele 精索靜脈曲張 a. approximately 10% of young men, dilatation of pampiniform plexus above the testis, left side is most common affected. b. veins drain into internal spermatic vein in the region of internal inguinal ring, drain into the left renal vein, on right side it drains into vena cava, incompetent valves are more common in left spermatic vein, combined with effect of gravity may lead to poor drainage. c. testicular atrophy ( 睪丸萎縮 ) may be present, sperm concentration ( 精蟲濃度 ) and motility ( 活動力 ) are significantly decreased in 65-75%. d. infertility ( 不孕症 ) is often observed and can be reversed in a high percentage of patients by correction of the varicocele.

8. BPH (Benign Prostate Hyperplasia) 良性攝護線肥大症  BOO: Bladder outlet obstruction 膀胱出口阻塞  LUTS: Lower urinary tract symptoms 下泌尿道症候群  IPSS: International Prostate Symptom Score 國際前列腺症狀評分表 Frequency 頻尿 Nocturia 夜尿 Urgency 急尿 Weak stream 慢流速 Residual urine 餘尿 Hesitation 猶豫 Dribbling 滴尿 Interruption 分段尿

9. Uterine Myoma 子宮肌瘤 A uterine fibroid is a leiomyoma (benign (non- cancerous) tumor from smooth muscle tissue). Other common names are uterine leiomyoma. Fibroids, particularly when small, may be entirely asymptomatic. Symptoms depend on the location of the lesion and its size. Important symptoms include abnormal gynecologic hemorrhage ( 不正常出 血 ),heavy or painful periods ( 痛經 ), abdominal discomfort or bloating, painful defecation ( 解便痛 ), back ache ( 背痛 ), urinary frequency or retention, and in some cases, infertility. There may also be pain during intercourse ( 性交 ), depending on the location of the fibroid