2.  Prehistoric Times, 3 to 4 million years ago existed Australopithicus  100,000–35,000 years ago existed Neanderthal  35,000-8,000 years ago existed Cro-magnon.  Hominids were classified into Homo habilis, Homo erectus, and Homo Sapiens.  Paleolithic Times – 2 million – 10,000 B.C.  Mesolithic Times – 10,000 – 8,000 B.C.  Neolithic Times – 8,000 – 3,000 B.C.  Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic Times are collectively called the Stone Age.  Catal Huyuk – a semi- agricultural community, 7,000- 5,000 B.C.  Iceman c. 3,000 B.C.  Copper Age – 4,000 B.C.  Bronze Age – 3,000 B.C.  Iron Age – 1,000 B.C.

3.  Anthropologists – study human origins or specific human cultures.  Archaeologists – unearth the artifacts of a people to learn about their culture.  Historians – studies evidence and interprets the past.

6. made simple tools and weapons out of stone, bone, or wood; developed a spoken language; invented clothing: furs, and animal skins used caves and rocky overhangs for shelter; learned to build fires for warmth and cooking. Made cave paintings. www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/arcnat/lascaux/en/ www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/arcnat/lascaux/en/ Believed in spirits and forces (animism) and even an afterlife burying their dead with needed objects. Toward Civilization (Pre-History - 3000 BC) Toward Civilization (Pre-History - 3000 BC) 1

7. Learned to farm and were able to produce their own food. Settled into permanent villages. Learned to domesticate, or tame, animals. Relied on hunting and gathering. Nomads lived in small hunting and food- gathering groups. Waited for migrating animals to return each year. PEOPLE AFTER PEOPLE BEFORE The Neolithic Agricultural Revolution 1

8. Farmers began cultivating lands along river valleys and producing surplus, or extra, food. This surplus allowed community members to explore other things leading to the creation of new jobs. (Think social hierarchies!) Surpluses helped populations expand. As populations grew, some villages swelled into cities. 1

9. Writing Public works Arts and architecture Social classes Job specialization Complex religions Well-organized central governments Cities What are the characteristics of a civilization? 1

10. 1. A rich civilization emerged in the valley of the Nile River in Egypt. 2. Independent Sumerian city-states developed in Mesopotamia, an area of fertile land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. 3. Civilizations also formed in the Indus river valley. 4. The Huang He or Yellow river valley in China. 2