1. 1 Classification Taxonomy copyright cmassengale

2. 2 There are 1.8 Million known species of organisms There are 1.8 Million known species of organisms This is only a portion of estimates that between 10-200 Million species exist. This is only a portion of estimates that between 10-200 Million species exist. New organisms are still being found and identified New organisms are still being found and identified Species of Organisms copyright cmassengale

3. 3 What is Taxonomy? Taxonomy is the scientific system of naming organisms and assigning them to groups based on similarities, differences, and ancestry Taxonomists are scientists that identify & name organisms copyright cmassengale

4. 4 Benefits of Classifying Makes naming organisms more accurate & uniform. Makes naming organisms more accurate & uniform. Prevents misnomers such as starfish & jellyfish that aren't really fish Prevents misnomers such as starfish & jellyfish that aren't really fish Uses same language (Latin or some Greek) for all names Uses same language (Latin or some Greek) for all names Sea”horse”?? copyright cmassengale

5. 5 Confusion in Using Different Languages for Names copyright cmassengale

6. 6 Latin Names are Understood by all Taxonomists copyright cmassengale

7. 7 Early Taxonomists 2000 years ago, Aristotle was the first taxonomist 2000 years ago, Aristotle was the first taxonomist Aristotle divided organisms into plants & animals Aristotle divided organisms into plants & animals He subdivided them by their habitat --- land, sea, or air dwellers He subdivided them by their habitat --- land, sea, or air dwellers copyright cmassengale

8. 8 Early Taxonomists John Ray, a botanist, was the first to use Latin for naming John Ray, a botanist, was the first to use Latin for naming His names were very long descriptions telling everything about the plant His names were very long descriptions telling everything about the plant copyright cmassengale

9. 9 Carolus Linnaeus 1707 – 1778 18th century taxonomist Developed naming system still used today Classified organisms by their structure copyright cmassengale

10. 10 Carolus Linnaeus Called the “Father of Taxonomy” Called the “Father of Taxonomy” Developed the modern system of naming known as binomial nomenclature Developed the modern system of naming known as binomial nomenclature Two-word name (Genus & species) Two-word name (Genus & species) copyright cmassengale

11. 11 Standardized Naming Binomial nomenclature used Binomial nomenclature used Genus species Genus species Latin or Greek Latin or Greek Italicized in print Italicized in print Capitalize genus, but NOT species Capitalize genus, but NOT species Underline when writing Underline when writing Turdus migratorius American Robin copyright cmassengale

12. 12 Binomial Nomenclature Which TWO are more closely related? copyright cmassengale

13. 13 Rules for Naming Organisms The International Code for Binomial Nomenclature contains the rules for naming organisms The International Code for Binomial Nomenclature contains the rules for naming organisms All names must be approved by International Naming Congresses (International Zoological Congress) All names must be approved by International Naming Congresses (International Zoological Congress) This prevents duplicated names This prevents duplicated names Scientists communicate better Scientists communicate better copyright cmassengale

14. 14 Classification Groups Taxon ( taxa-plural) is a category into which organisms are placed according to anatomical similarities & differences, fossil record, DNA comparisons Taxon ( taxa-plural) is a category into which organisms are placed according to anatomical similarities & differences, fossil record, DNA comparisons There is a hierarchy of groups (taxa) from broadest to most specific There is a hierarchy of groups (taxa) from broadest to most specific Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species copyright cmassengale

15. 15 Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups Domain Kingdom Phylum (Division – used for plants) Class Order Family Genus Species BROADEST TAXON Most Specific copyright cmassengale

16. 16 Dumb King Phillip Came Over For Good Soup! copyright cmassengale

17. 17 Basis for Modern Taxonomy Homologous structures (same structure, different function) Homologous structures (same structure, different function) Similar embryo development Similar embryo development Molecular Similarity in DNA, RNA, or amino acid sequence of Proteins Molecular Similarity in DNA, RNA, or amino acid sequence of Proteins copyright cmassengale

18. 18 Homologous Structures (BONES in the FORELIMBS) shows Similarities in mammals. copyright cmassengale

19. 19 Similarities in Vertebrate Embryos copyright cmassengale Early stage of life development

20. Classification by Genetic Code At the molecular level, similarities in DNA, RNA, or the amino acid sequence of proteins can be a basis for grouping organisms together.

21. 21 Broadest, most inclusive taxon Broadest, most inclusive taxon Three domains Three domains Bacteria and Archaea are unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles) Bacteria and Archaea are unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles) Eukarya are more complex and have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles Eukarya are more complex and have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles Domains of Organisms copyright cmassengale

22. 3 Domains and 4 KingdomsDomains and 4 Kingdoms PROKARYOTES no organisms with no nuclear membrane with organisms with a nuclear membrane 2 Types of Cells EUKARYOTES

23. The Big The Big Picture Picture

24. The History of Life on Earth Life began on Earth 3.6 billion years ago as a prokaryotic cell (single-celled organism with no nuclear membrane). For 2.6 billion years, life was unicellular. Multicellular eukaryotes (with nuclear membrane) evolved about 1 billion years ago. The Earth formed 4.5 billion years ago.

25. 25 DOMAIN BACTERIA Kingdom Eubacteria Unicellular Reproduce asexually – binary fission Important decomposers for environment Aerobes, anaerobes, autotrophs, heterotrophs Peptidoglycan in cell wall Most familiar- L.acidophilus in yogurt, E. coli in digestive tract, Streptococcus-sore throat copyright cmassengale

26. 26 Live in the intestines of animals copyright cmassengale

27. 27 DOMAIN ARCHAEA Kingdom Archaebacteria Probably the 1 st cells to evolve Unicellular, reproduce Binary fission anaerobic Live in HARSH environments – Sewage Treatment Plants – Thermal or Volcanic Vents – Hot Springs or Geysers that are acidic – Very salty water (Dead Sea; Great Salt Lake) – Cell wall lacks peptidoglycan copyright cmassengale

28. 28 ARCHAEAN copyright cmassengale

29. 29

30. Domains Eubacteria and Archea were at one time considered a kingdom called monera. If you see the kingdom monera, know that the question refers to Eubactera or Archeabacteria. FYI! (For Your Information) Kingdom Monera – Prokaryotic organisms. (no longer used)

31. 31 Domain Eukarya is Divided into four Kingdoms Protista (protozoans, algae…) Protista (protozoans, algae…) Fungi (mushrooms, yeasts …) Fungi (mushrooms, yeasts …) Plantae (multicellular plants) Plantae (multicellular plants) Animalia (multicellular animals) Animalia (multicellular animals) copyright cmassengale

32. 32 Kindgom Protista Very diverse (“Left-over Kingdom”) Very diverse (“Left-over Kingdom”) Unicellular, multicellar Unicellular, multicellar Autotrophic, heterotrophic Autotrophic, heterotrophic Reproduce asexually – budding or binary fission Reproduce asexually – budding or binary fission Reproduce sexually Reproduce sexually Aquatic Aquatic copyright cmassengale

33. 33 Kingdom Fungi Multicellular, except unicellular yeast Multicellular, except unicellular yeast Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food outside their body & then absorb it) Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food outside their body & then absorb it) Cell walls made of chitin Cell walls made of chitin copyright cmassengale

34. 34 Kingdom Plantae Multicellular Multicellular Autotrophic Autotrophic Absorb sunlight to make glucose – Photosynthesis Absorb sunlight to make glucose – Photosynthesis Cell walls made of cellulose Cell walls made of cellulose copyright cmassengale

35. 35 Kingdom Animalia Kingdom Animalia Multicellular Multicellular Ingestive heterotrophs (consume food & digest it inside their bodies) Ingestive heterotrophs (consume food & digest it inside their bodies) Feed on plants or other animals Feed on plants or other animals copyright cmassengale

36. 36copyright cmassengale

37. 37copyright cmassengale

38. 38 Taxons Most genera contain a number of different species (that are similar) Most genera contain a number of different species (that are similar) The genus Homo is an exception (only contains modern humans) The genus Homo is an exception (only contains modern humans) evolutionary relationships Classification is based on evolutionary relationships copyright cmassengale

39. 39copyright cmassengale

40. How do scientists categorize organisms? Cladogram- a diagram that show relationships among group of organism. Dichotomous key- use to determine the identity of a single organism copyright cmassengale40

41. 41 Cladogram Diagram showing how organisms are related based on shared, derived characteristics such as feathers, hair, or scales. All groups on a cladogram share a common ancestor copyright cmassengale

42. 42 Primate Cladogram copyright cmassengale

43. Dichotomous Key copyright cmassengale43

44. 44 The End copyright cmassengale