1. W 7/30 exam #3 (bring cheat sheet) bonus #2 due W 8/6 optional final exam, during class time

2. Homologous pair of chromosomes Linkage can be used to determine distance

3. Some crosses do not give the expected results

4. By comparing recombination frequencies, a linkage map can be constructed = 17 m.u.

5. A much greater proportion of the two types found in the parental generation Fig 5.2

6. The probability of crossing over can be used to determine the spatial relationship of different genes

7. Double recombinants arise from two crossovers Recombinant

8. Double recombinants can show gene order

9. similar to Fig 5.3, also see Fig 5.9, and pg 115-117 What is the relationship between these 3 genes? What order and how far apart?

10. similar to Fig 5.3 What is the relationship between these 3 genes? What order and how far apart?

11. Double crossover

12. Which order produces the double crossover?

14. We have the order. What is the distance?

15. Recombinants between st and ss: (50+52+5+3)/755 =14.6%

16. Recombinants between ss and e: (43+41+5+3)/755 =12.2%

17. stsse 14.6 m.u. 26.8 m.u. 12.2 m.u. Put it all together…

18. Drosophila linkage map

19. Linkage map of Drosophila chromosome 2

20. Yeast chromosome 3 physical distance linkage map Recombination is not completely random.

21. Alignment of physical and recombination maps

22. PhenotypeGenotype Genes code for proteins (or RNA). These gene products give rise to traits… It is rarely this simple.

23. For life to exist, the information (genes) must be passed on. {Mitosis: producing more cells} {Meiosis: producing gametes}

24. 105 males : 100 females (live births) Why?

25. 105 males : 100 females (live births) Why?

27. Is this all of your DNA?

28. Mitochondria have their own DNA. Fig 7.13

29. Endosymbiotic Theory - proposed origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts from free-living bacteria to cellular organelles Fig 7.20

30. Human Life Cycle Combination of two individuals DNA

31. mitochondria Only the egg provides mitochondria to the offspring.

32. Human Life Cycle In females Mom provides 50.000275% and Dad provides 49.999825% of DNA to offspring. … because Mom provides 100% of mitochondrial DNA

33. Mitochondrial DNA comparisons can be used to trace ancestry:

34. Tsar’s Family During the Bolshevik revolution, the Tsar’s family was captured and executed.

35. Tsar’s Family There are many stories about what happened to their youngest daughter Anastasia

37. Anna Anderson, claimed she was Anastasia

38. Anna Anderson claimed she was Anastasia, but tests of her mtDNA and one of Anastasia’s maternal relatives did not match.

39. For more info check out: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Anastasia_Nikolaevna_of_Russia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Anastasia_Nikolaevna_of_Russia Or the book “Seven Daughters of Eve” by Bryan Sykes

40. How do individuals and groups with different genes arise? Evolution… Does it occur? How does it occur?

41. Evolution: A species’ genetic component changes as the individuals reproduce. These changes are based on how the DNA changes and who reproduces.

42. Does evolution occur?

43. As DNA changes; traits change. Protein

44. DNA is replicated semi-conservatively

45. When DNA is replicated, mutations occur.

46. CB 13.5 DNA must be replicated before it can be passed on. How it is passed on and how it gets modified impacts evolution.

47. Evolution: A species’ genetic component changes as the individuals reproduce. These changes are based on how the DNA changes and who reproduces.

48. Natural Selection: Individuals that are most successful at reproducing will pass on more of their genetic information.

49. O O OOO O O OO OO Bacteria with mutation causing resistance Evolution: changes in DNA as information transmitted

50. O O OOO O O OO OO O O OOO O O OO OO Apply antibiotic X XX XXXX X XX Kills most bacteria. Except if some have mutation that allow them to be resistant. Bacteria with mutation causing resistance Evolution: changes in DNA as information transmitted

51. O O OOO O O OO OO O O OOO O O OO OO O Apply antibiotic X XX XXXX X XX Kills most bacteria. Except if some have mutation that allow them to be resistant. Continues to replicate Bacteria with mutation causing resistance Evolution: changes in DNA as information transmitted

52. O O OOO O O OO OO O O OOO O O OO OO O O OOO O O OO OO O Apply antibiotic X XX XXXX X XX Kills most bacteria. Except if some have mutation that allow them to be resistant. Continues to replicate Population of resistant bacteria Bacteria with mutation causing resistance Evolution: changes in DNA as information transmitted

53. Evolution: A species’ genetic component changes as the individuals reproduce due to… Non-random changes (natural selection) Random changes (genetic drift/bottleneck) Mutations add new alleles or genes

54. Generation 1 Generation 3 Generation 4 Generation 5 Generation 2 MutationReplicationDriftSelection Mutations are subject to Drift and Selection

55. Evolution: A species’ genetic component changes as the individuals reproduce. These changes are based on how the DNA changes and who reproduces.

56. How are we related, and where did we come from?

57. Human DNA is divided into 46 chromosomes (23 pairs)

58. Mom provides 50.000275% and Dad provides 49.999825% of DNA to offspring. … because Mom provides 100% of mitochondrial DNA CB 13.5

59. Mitochondrial DNA comparisons can be used to trace ancestry:

60. Why use mtDNA? Fig 7.14

61. Non-Coding DNA is used for comparisons between individuals Fig 7.14

62. Why use mtDNA? Fig 7.14

63. Why use mtDNA? No crossing-over Fig 7.14

64. Why use mtDNA? No crossing-over No ends, less likely to be damaged Fig 7.14

65. mtDNA exists as multiple copies per cell

66. Fig 1 and 4 As DNA is passed on mutations take place

67. What happened to the Neanderthals? http://youtube.com/watch?v=IsSOcwY79ig

68. What happened to the Neanderthals? Analysis of one million base pairs of Neanderthal DNA: “We have identified a 38,000-year-old Neanderthal fossil that is exceptionally free of contamination from modern human DNA.” Genetic evidence and the modern human origins debate: “At present, it is difficult to distinguish between a model of total genetic replacement and a model that includes some degree of genetic mixture.” No Evidence of Neandertal mtDNA Contribution to Early Modern Humans: “In combination with current mtDNA data, this excludes any large genetic contribution by Neandertals to early modern humans, but does not rule out the possibility of a smaller contribution.” A 28,000 Years Old Cro-Magnon mtDNA Sequence Differs from All Potentially Contaminating Modern Sequences: “The Paglicci 23 individual carried a mtDNA sequence that is still common in Europe, and which radically differs from those of the almost contemporary Neandertals, demonstrating a genealogical continuity across 28,000 years, from Cro-Magnoid to modern Europeans.”

69. Tbl. 1 Serre D, Langaney A, Chech M, Teschler-Nicola M, Paunovic M, et al. (2004) No Evidence of Neandertal mtDNA Contribution to Early Modern Humans. PLoS Biol 2(3): e57 PCR of mtDNA from fossils

70. Fig. 3 Serre D, Langaney A, Chech M, Teschler-Nicola M, Paunovic M, et al. (2004) No Evidence of Neandertal mtDNA Contribution to Early Modern Humans. PLoS Biol 2(3): e57 The four upper DNA sequences were determined in this study. Previously determined DNA sequences are shown below. Comparisons of modern human and Neanderthal mtDNA sequences

71. Fig. 1 Neanderthals in central Asia and Siberia. J Krause, L Orlando, D Serre, B Viola, K Prüfer, M Richards, J Hublin, C Hänni, A Derevianko, S Pääbo (18 October 2007) Nature 449, 902-904 Known fossil range of Neanderthal Extension of range via mtDNA

72. Fig. 1 Analysis of one million base pairs of Neanderthal DNA. R Green, J Krause, S Ptak, A Briggs, M Ronan, J Simons, L Du, M Egholm, J Rothberg, M Paunovic, S Pääbo Nature (16 November 2006) 444, 330-336 Contamination of Neanderthal fossils with modern DNA

73. Fig. 5 Analysis of one million base pairs of Neanderthal DNA. R Green, J Krause, S Ptak, A Briggs, M Ronan, J Simons, L Du, M Egholm, J Rothberg, M Paunovic, S Pääbo (16 November 2006) Nature 444, 330-336 ~8% of differences between human and chimp occurred since the divergence from Neanderthal

74. Fig. 6 Analysis of one million base pairs of Neanderthal DNA. R Green, J Krause, S Ptak, A Briggs, M Ronan, J Simons, L Du, M Egholm, J Rothberg, M Paunovic, S Pääbo (16 November 2006) Nature 444, 330-336 ~6.5 million ya ~500,000 ya

75. What happened to the Neanderthals?

76. W 7/30 exam #3 (bring cheat sheet) bonus #2 due W 8/6 optional final exam, during class time