2. Infection Control terms

3. Antisepsis Antiseptic control that inhibits, retards growth of, or kills pathogenic organisms; not effective against spores and viruses. Antiseptic control that inhibits, retards growth of, or kills pathogenic organisms; not effective against spores and viruses.

4. Bacteria One-celled microorganisms, some of which are beneficial and some of which cause disease. One-celled microorganisms, some of which are beneficial and some of which cause disease.

5. Clean Free of organisms causing disease. Free of organisms causing disease.

6. Communicable disease Disease that is transmitted from one individual to another. Disease that is transmitted from one individual to another.

7. Contamination Containing infection or infectious organisms or germs. Containing infection or infectious organisms or germs.

8. Disinfection Aseptic control method that destroys pathogens but does not usually kill spores and viruses. Aseptic control method that destroys pathogens but does not usually kill spores and viruses.

9. Epidemic An infectious disease that affects a large number of people within a population, community, or region at the same time. An infectious disease that affects a large number of people within a population, community, or region at the same time. Example: Example: 300 students at NFHS get chicken pox. 300 students at NFHS get chicken pox.

10. Endemic Disease that is present in the population at all times in small numbers Disease that is present in the population at all times in small numbers Example: Example: The common cold. The common cold.

11. Nosocomial Pertaining to an infection originating in a health care facility such as a hospital. Pertaining to an infection originating in a health care facility such as a hospital.

12. Opportunistic infection An infection that occurs when the body’s immune system cannot defend itself from pathogens normally found in the environment. An infection that occurs when the body’s immune system cannot defend itself from pathogens normally found in the environment.

13. Pandemic An infectious disease that affects many people over a wide geographic area; a worldwide epidemic. An infectious disease that affects many people over a wide geographic area; a worldwide epidemic. Example: Example: AIDS AIDS

14. Sterile Free from all organisms, including spores and viruses. Free from all organisms, including spores and viruses.

15. Sterilization Process that results in total destruction of all microorganisms. Process that results in total destruction of all microorganisms.

16. Microorganism A small living organism that is not visible to the naked eye. A small living organism that is not visible to the naked eye.

17. Nonpathogens Microorganisms that are part of the normal flora of the body and are beneficial in maintaining certain body processes. Microorganisms that are part of the normal flora of the body and are beneficial in maintaining certain body processes.

18. Pathogens Microorganisms that cause infection or disease. Microorganisms that cause infection or disease.

19. Aerobic Organisms that require oxygen to live. Organisms that require oxygen to live.

20. Anaerobic Organisms that live and reproduce in the absence of oxygen. Organisms that live and reproduce in the absence of oxygen.

21. Classes of Microorganisms Bacteria are the largest group of pathogens. They are simple one-celled organisms that multiply rapidly. Classified by shape and arrangement: cocci, diplococci, spaphylococci, bacilli, and spirilla for example. Bacteria are the largest group of pathogens. They are simple one-celled organisms that multiply rapidly. Classified by shape and arrangement: cocci, diplococci, spaphylococci, bacilli, and spirilla for example. MRSA=Methacillin resistant staphylococcus aureus is difficult to treat because it has become resistant to many different antibiotics. MRSA=Methacillin resistant staphylococcus aureus is difficult to treat because it has become resistant to many different antibiotics. Illnesses caused by bacteria: strep throat, TB, tetanus, botulism, syphilis, etc. Illnesses caused by bacteria: strep throat, TB, tetanus, botulism, syphilis, etc.

22. Classes of Microorganisms Protozoa: One-celled animal-like organisms often found in decayed materials, animal or bird feces, insect bites, and contaminated water. Examples— malaria, amebic dysentery, trichomonas, and African sleeping sickness. Antibiotics do not kill fungi. Antifungal medications are available, but expensive and may cause liver damage. Fungi: Simple, plantlike organisms that live on dead organic matter. Antibiotics do not kill fungi. Antifungal medications are available, but expensive and may cause liver damage. Examples—ring worm, athlete’s foot, yeast vaginitis, and thrush.

23. Classes of Microorganisms Rickettsiae: Parasitic microorganisms, which means they cannot live outside the cells of another living organism. Commonly found in fleas, lice, ticks, and mites. Transmitted to humans by the bites of these insects. Examples: typhus fever and Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever. Rickettsiae: Parasitic microorganisms, which means they cannot live outside the cells of another living organism. Commonly found in fleas, lice, ticks, and mites. Transmitted to humans by the bites of these insects. Examples: typhus fever and Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever.

24. Classes of Microorganisms Viruses: The smallest microorganisms. Visible only using an electron microscope. Cannot reproduce unless they are inside another living cell. Spread from human to human by blood and other body secretions. Antibiotics do NOT kill viruses. Examples: common cold, measles, mumps, chicken pox, herpes, warts, flu, polio, SARS, bird flu, ebola, hepatitis, HIV. Viruses mutate and change and thus are a huge health concern. Viruses: The smallest microorganisms. Visible only using an electron microscope. Cannot reproduce unless they are inside another living cell. Spread from human to human by blood and other body secretions. Antibiotics do NOT kill viruses. Examples: common cold, measles, mumps, chicken pox, herpes, warts, flu, polio, SARS, bird flu, ebola, hepatitis, HIV. Viruses mutate and change and thus are a huge health concern.

25. Classes of Microorganisms Helminths: Multicellular parasitic organisms commonly called worms or flukes. Examples: hookworms, trichinosis, pinworms and tapeworms. Helminths: Multicellular parasitic organisms commonly called worms or flukes. Examples: hookworms, trichinosis, pinworms and tapeworms.

26. Conditions which affect the growth of bacteria: Food Source: both cooked and raw foods can grow bacteria (cooked usually by contamination) Food Source: both cooked and raw foods can grow bacteria (cooked usually by contamination) Moisture: bacteria love moisture Moisture: bacteria love moisture Temperature: different bacteria grow well in different temperatures from hot to cold Temperature: different bacteria grow well in different temperatures from hot to cold Oxygen: depends on the bacteria Oxygen: depends on the bacteria Darkness: some require the dark, others do not Darkness: some require the dark, others do not

27. Chain of infection In order for disease to occur and spread from one individual to another, certain conditions must be met. In order for disease to occur and spread from one individual to another, certain conditions must be met. If any one condition is not met, the transmission of the disease will not happen. If any one condition is not met, the transmission of the disease will not happen. Pathogens are everywhere and preventing their transmission is a continuous process. Pathogens are everywhere and preventing their transmission is a continuous process.

28. Chain of infection 1.Causative Agent 2.Reservoir 3.Portal of Exit 4.Mode of Transmission 5.Portal of Entry 6.Susceptible Host

29. Causative agent A pathogen, such as a bacterium or virus, that can cause disease. A pathogen, such as a bacterium or virus, that can cause disease.

30. Reservoir An area where the causative agent can live (humans, animals, the environment, contaminated objects.) An area where the causative agent can live (humans, animals, the environment, contaminated objects.)

31. Portal of exit A way for the causative agent to escape from the reservoir. In humans portals of exit include urine, feces, saliva, blood, tears, mucous discharge, sexual secretions, and draining wounds. A way for the causative agent to escape from the reservoir. In humans portals of exit include urine, feces, saliva, blood, tears, mucous discharge, sexual secretions, and draining wounds.

32. Modes of transmission Planes, trains and automobiles. (just kidding) Planes, trains and automobiles. (just kidding)

33. Direct Person to person contact Person to person contact

34. Indirect Transmission from contaminated substances/objects. Transmission from contaminated substances/objects.

35. Droplet Coughing or sneezing: Coughing or sneezing: disease spread by dispersion into the air of droplets from an infected respiratory tract, also from a contaminated vaporizer, etc.

36. Airborne Suspended in the air or on dust particles. Suspended in the air or on dust particles. **The droplet spread and airborne transmission are different in a very important way. Droplet spread organisms can only contaminate nearby air while airborne organisms can spread infection over a much wider area.

37. Vector A carrier of disease; an insect, rodent, or small animal that transmits disease. A carrier of disease; an insect, rodent, or small animal that transmits disease. Example: Example: Ticks, mosquitoes, bats. Ticks, mosquitoes, bats.

38. Vehicle No, not a car or truck. No, not a car or truck. A vehicle is some THING that transmits disease, like contaminated food (food poisoning) or contaminated water. A vehicle is some THING that transmits disease, like contaminated food (food poisoning) or contaminated water.

39. Portal of entry A way for a causative agent to enter a new reservoir or host. A way for a causative agent to enter a new reservoir or host. The portals of entry are much the same as the portals of exit: The portals of entry are much the same as the portals of exit: –respiratory tract –GI tract –GU tract –Compromised skin –mucus membrane –Percutaneous

40. Susceptible host A person likely to get an infection or disease, usually because body defenses are weak. A person likely to get an infection or disease, usually because body defenses are weak.

41. Ending the Chain of Infection Eliminate any step in the chain and infection is stopped Eliminate any step in the chain and infection is stopped Follow practices to interrupt or break the chain Follow practices to interrupt or break the chain Remember, pathogens are everywhere Remember, pathogens are everywhere Prevention is a continuous process Prevention is a continuous process

43. Airborne Precautions

44. Droplet Precautions

45. Contact Precautions

46. Hello??? Are you awake? Are you awake?

47. Common Body Defenses Mucous membranes Mucous membranes Cilia Cilia Coughing and sneezing Coughing and sneezing HCL in the stomach HCL in the stomach Tears Tears Fever Fever Inflammation response Inflammation response Immune response Immune response

48. Page 356 of the book

49. Standard Precautions Every body fluid must be considered a potential infectious material! Every body fluid must be considered a potential infectious material! All patients must be considered potential sources of infection, regardless of their diagnosis! All patients must be considered potential sources of infection, regardless of their diagnosis!

50. Standard Precautions Include: Include: –Hand Washing (#1) –Gloves –Gowns –Masks & Eye Protection –Sharps –Spills & Splashes –Resuscitation Devices –Waste & Linen Disposal –Injuries

51. Aseptic Techniques Asepsis: absence of disease-producing microorganisms Asepsis: absence of disease-producing microorganisms Contaminated: any object or area that may contain pathogens Contaminated: any object or area that may contain pathogens Major aim: maintaining cleanliness and eliminating or preventing every aspect of contamination Major aim: maintaining cleanliness and eliminating or preventing every aspect of contamination

52. Common Aseptic Techniques Thorough handwashing Thorough handwashing Good personal hygiene Good personal hygiene Disposable gloves Disposable gloves Cleaning instruments and equipment Cleaning instruments and equipment Proper cleaning of environment Proper cleaning of environment

53. Levels of Aseptic Control Antisepsis—used on the skin Antisepsis—used on the skin Disinfection—used mainly on objects Disinfection—used mainly on objects Sterilization—use of steam under pressure, gas, radiation, and chemicals on objects Sterilization—use of steam under pressure, gas, radiation, and chemicals on objects