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Published byEzra Douglas Powers Modified over 8 years ago
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Prepared by : Dr. Nehad J. Ahmed
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Cancer is a disease that results from abnormal growth and differentiation of tissues. Tumor or neoplasm - A mass of tissue in which the growth rate is excessive and uncoordinated when compared with normal tissues Benign neoplasm - Tumor cells that tend to be clustered in a single mass and are not malignant
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Malignant neoplasm— Tumors that have the ability to or break loose and spread to other areas of the body. Metastasis — The ability of tumor cells to spread to other parts of the body and establish secondary tumors. A genetic predisposition has been observed for a number of cancers including colon cancer, breast cancer, retinoblastoma and certain forms of leukemia and lymphoma.
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Study of tumors is oncology from Greek for tumor Any increase in tissue size is not necessarily neoplasia Increase in skeletal muscle size is a physiologic response to exercise,
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One in three people in the Western world develop cancer and one in five die of the disease There are approximately 200 types of cancer, each with different causes, symptoms and treatments An individual's risk of developing cancer depends on many factors, including age, lifestyle and genetic make-up
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Different Kinds of Cancer
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Theories of oncogenesis Abnormalities of tumor suppressor/inducer genes Mutation of DNA
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Manifestations of cancer Many cancers may be asymptomatic in the early stages. As the tumors continue to grow, they affect local tissues as well as the overall body. 1- Local effects of cancer Compression of blood vessels Ischemia Pain Bleeding Infection Altered tissue function
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2- Systemic effects of cancer Fatigue Cachexia Bleeding and hemorrhage Anemia due to chronic bleeding or bone marrow destruction; this anemia may be exacerbated by chemotherapy Altered organ function Abnormal hormone production from an affected gland or directly from certain types of hormone-producing tumors
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Cachexia A complex syndrome characterized by anorexia, weight loss and lean body (muscle) wasting seen in a significant percent of patients with cancer and AIDS.
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Cancer detection Tumor cell markers Visualization Biopsy
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Staging of Tumors T — Primary tumor (T1–T4 ) N — Involvement of lymph nodes (N1–N3 ) M — Distant metastasis (M1–M4 )
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