1. Part 2: Immune System Immune system test-May 10 Unit 15: Human Body Systems

2. VIRUSES vs. BACTERIA

4. IMMUNE system Immune system: the body’s primary defense against pathogens Basic Vocabulary: _________________: any change that disrupts the normal functions of the body _________________: disease-causing agents; such as viruses, bacteria, protists, worms, fungi _________________: disease caused by pathogens _________________: triggers immune response _________________: protein; destroys pathogens Disease Pathogen Infectious disease Antigen Antibody

5. how DISEASES are spread _________________: transmitted when a healthy person touches a person with a disease _________________: transmitted through bodily fluids _________________: through the air or by touching objects that have been infected and then touch your nose or mouth. _________________________: caused by eating food containing pathogens or drinking unsanitized water _________________: vectors carry diseases like lyme disease, west nile, and rabies. Physical contact Sexual contact Indirect contact Contaminated food & water Infected animals

6. NONSPECIFIC defenses Nonspecific defenses: are not directed against any one pathogen; guards against all 1._______: most important nonspecific defense. Few pathogens can penetrate the tough layer of __________ 2.Mouth & respiratory passages: passages leading to lungs are coated with _______; Mucus traps airborne pathogens & swept into the _________ ____________ to be destroyed. 3.Inflammation: Occurs when ____________ enter the body; blood vessels near wound expand; WBC leak from the vessels to invade the infected tissues. ____________ (WBC) engulf and destroy them; Infected tissue may become swollen and painful. 4.Fever: ___________ has spread; IS releases chemicals that increase ____________________ Skin keratin mucus digestive system pathogens phagocytes Pathogen body temperature

7. SPECIFIC defenses Specific defenses: attacks the particular disease causing agents. 1.Antibody: antigens stimulate production of ____________. Antibody has two binding sites. An antibody matches an antigen much as a key matches a lock. Whenever they interlock, the ____________ marks the antigen for ___________. Antibody production: Produced by B cells that mature in _______________ Antibody genes in each rearrange themselves in different ways (reason why there are millions of antibody combinations). ______________: shot of weakened or killed pathogens to stimulate production of antibodies. antibodies antibody destruction bone marrow Vaccine

9. SPECIFIC defenses 2. White blood cell (lymphocytes) called T cells (3 kinds): 1. ______________: track down and __________ pathogens and foreign tissue 2. ______________: __________ pathogen and send messages to killer T cells 3. ________________: turns ____ the immune response _____________: infects, weakens, and gradually destroys the helper T cells. _____________: cells are responsible for the rejection of tissue transplants. Killer T cellsdestroy Helper T cellsIdentify Suppressor T cellsoff HIV/AIDS Killer T cells

12. IMMUNE disorders 1.____________: overreaction of the immune system to an antigen in the environment. 2.________________________: immune system makes mistakes and attacks its own cells. Multiple sclerosis: attacks the myelin sheath that surrounds nerve fibers. Rheumatoid arthritis: antibodies attack connective tissues around the joints. Type 1 Diabetes: antibodies attack the insulin producing cells of the pancreas. Allergies Autoimmune diseases